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List Of Former Members Of The U.S. House Of Representatives

List of former members of the U.S. House of Representatives

This is an incomplete list of notable former members of the United States House of Representatives. Note: Some of the dates reflect birth-death (predominantly the earlier people), other dates are duration of term. This needs to be cleaned up. See also:
- Current Members of the House of Represenatitves: :List of members of the U.S. House of Representatives
- Current Senators: :List of members of the U.S. Senate
- Former Senators (listed by name): :List of former members of the U.S. Senate

A

- Aníbal Acevedo Vilá 2001-2005 Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Democrat
- Fred George Aandahl 1951-1953 North Dakota Republican
- Watkins Moorman Abbitt 1948-1973 Virginia Democrat
- Amos Abbott
- Josiah Gardner Abbott
- Nehemiah Abbott
- Bella Abzug 1971-1977 New York Democrat
- John Quincy Adams Massachusetts
- Joseph Patrick Addabbo 1961-1987 New York Democrat
- Daniel Akaka 1977-1990 Hawaii Democrat
- Carl Albert 1947-1977 Oklahoma Democrat
- Donald Albosta 1979-1985 Michigan Democrat
- Fisher Ames Massachusetts
- Arthur Andrews
- Frank Annunzio 1965-1993 Illinois Democrat
- Douglas Applegate 1977-1995 Ohio Democrat
- Bill Archer 1971-2001 Texas Republican
- Leslie C. Arends
- Dick Armey 1985-2003 Texas Republican
- John B. Ashe
- Thomas Ashley
- Les Aspin 1971-1993 Wisconsin Democrat
- Eugene Atkinson 1979-1981 Pennsylvania Democrat, 1981-1983 Republican
- Les AuCoin 1975-1993 Oregon Democrat
- William Avery

B

- Scotty Baesler 1993-1999 Kentucky Democrat
- Abraham Baldwin
- Frank Ballance 2003-2004 North Carolina Democrat
- Cass Ballenger 1986-2005 North Carolina Republican
- James Barcia 1993-2003 Michigan Democrat
- Alben W. Barkley
- Bob Barr 1995-2003 Georgia Republican
- Chris Bell 2003-2005 Texas Democrat
- Charles E. Bennett
- Egbert Benson
- Helen Delich Bentley 1985-1995 Maryland Republican
- Ken Bentsen 1995-2003 Texas Democrat
- Lloyd Bentsen 1948-1955 Texas Democrat
- Doug Bereuter 1979-2004 Nebraska Republican
- Tom Bevill 1967-1997 Alabama Democrat
- Theodorick Bland
- Timothy Bloodworth
- Hale Boggs 1947-1972 Louisiana Democrat
- Edward P. Boland Massachusetts Democrat
- Frances Payne Bolton
- David Bonior 1977-2003 Michigan Democrat
- Sonny Bono 1995-1998 California Republican
- Robert Borski 1983-2003 Pennsylvania Democrat
- Elias Boudinot
- Benjamin Bourne
- John Breaux 1972-1987 Louisiana Democrat
- John C. Breckenridge
- Jack Brooks 1953-1995 Texas Democrat
- Overton Brooks
- Preston Brooks
- William Broomfield 1957-1993 Michigan Republican
- John Brown Virginia (Kentucky District)
- John Brown 1809-1810 Maryland
- John Brown Pennsylvania
- John Brown Rhode Island
- John Brewer Brown Maryland
- John Robert Brown Virginia
- John W. Brown New York
- John Young Brown Kentucky
- John Young Brown Kentucky
- Joel Thomas Broyhill (b.1919) 1953-1975 Virginia Republican
- James Buchanan Democrat
- Jim Bunning 1987-1999 Kentucky Republican
- Aedanus Burke
- Richard Burr 1995-2005 North Carolina Republican
- Phillip Burton 1964-1983 California Democrat
- George H. W. Bush 1967-1971 Texas Republican
- Robert C. Byrd 1953-1959 West Virginia Democrat

C

- Lambert Cadwalader
- John C. Calhoun South Carolina
- Tom Campbell 1989-1993, 1995-2001 California Republican
- Carroll A. Campbell, Jr. 1979-1987 South Carolina Republican
- Charles Canady 1993-2001 Florida Republican
- Clarence Cannon
- Joseph G. Cannon
- Tom Carper 1983-1993 Delaware Democrat
- Bob Carr 1975-1981, 1983-1995 Michigan Democrat
- Daniel Carroll
- Emanuel Celler 1923-1973 New York Democrat
- Saxby Chambliss 1995-2003 Georgia Republican
- Dick Cheney 1979-1989 Wyoming Republican
- Shirley Chisholm 1969-1983 New York Democrat
- Henry Clay
- William Lacy Clay, Jr. 1969-2001 Missouri Democrat
- Eva Clayton 1993-2003 North Carolina Democrat
- Bob Clement 1988-2003 Tennessee Democrat
- George Clymer
- Cornelius Cole
- Isaac Coles
- Schuyler Colfax
- William M. Colmer
- Barber Conable
- Gary Condit 1989-2003 California Democrat
- Silvio O. Conte 1959-1991 Massachusetts Republican
- Benjamin Contee
- John Cooksey 1997-2003 Louisiana Republican
- Frederic René Coudert, Jr.
- William Coyne 1981-2003 Pennsylvania Democrat
- Phil Crane 1969-2005 Illinois Republican
- Davy Crockett
- Charles Curtis

D

- Norman D'Amours 1975-1985 New Hampshire Democrat
- Bill Dannemeyer 1979-1993 California Republican
- Pat Danner 1993-2001 Missouri Democrat
- Tom Daschle 1979-1987 South Dakota Democrat
- Glenn Robert Davis 1947-1957, 1965-1974 Wisconsin Republican
- Kika de la Garza 1965-1997 Texas Democrat
- Ron Dellums 1971-1999 California Democrat
- Peter Deutsch 1993-2005 Florida Democrat
- Jay Dickey 1993-2001 Arkansas Republican
- Martin Dies, Jr.
- Julian Dixon 1979-2001 California Democrat
- William Jennings Bryan Dorn 1947-1949, 1951-1974 South Carolina Democrat
- Bob Dornan 1977-1983, 1985-1997 California Republican
- Robert L. Doughton
- Father Robert Drinan 1971-1981 Massachusetts Democrat
- Jennifer Dunn 1993-2005 Washington Republican
- Dick Durbin 1983-1997 Illinois Democrat

E

- Joseph D. Early 1974-1993 Massachusetts Democrat
- Mickey Edwards 1977-1993 Oklahoma Republican
- Bill Emerson 1981-1996 Missouri Republican
- Glenn English 1975-1994 Oklahoma Democrat
- Warren B. English
- John Ensign 1995-1999 Nevada Republican

F

- James I. Farley 1933-1939 Indiana Democrat
- Dante Fascell 1955-1993 Florida Democrat
- Vic Fazio 1979-1999 California Democrat
- Geraldine Ferraro 1979-1985 New York Democrat
- Millard Fillmore
- Hamilton Fish, Jr. 1969-1995 New York Republican
- Thomas Fitzsimons
- Ernie Fletcher 1999-2003 Kentucky Republican
- James Florio 1975-1990 New Jersey Democrat
- William Floyd
- Jack Flynt 1953-1979 Georgia Democrat
- Thomas Foglietta 1981-1997 Pennsylvania Democrat
- Tom Foley 1965-1995 Washington Democrat
- Michael Forbes 1995-1999 New York Republican, 1999-2001 Democrat
- Gerald Ford 1949-1973 Michigan Republican
- Harold Ford, Sr. 1975-1997 Tennessee Democrat
- Abiel Foster
- Tillie Fowler 1993-2001 Florida Republican
- Wyche Fowler 1977-1987 Georgia Democrat
- Martin Frost 1979-2005 Texas Democrat

G

- George Gale
- Greg Ganske 1995-2003 Iowa Republican
- Robert Garcia 1978-1990 New York Democrat
- James A. Garfield
- John Nance Garner
- Sam Gejdenson 1981-2001 Connecticut Democrat
- George Gekas 1983-2003 Pennsylvania Republican
- Dick Gephardt 1977-2005 Missouri Democrat
- Elbridge Gerry 1789-1793 Massachusetts Republican
- Sam Gibbons 1963-1997 Florida Democrat
- Henry R. Gibson
- William Branch Giles
- Benjamin Gilman 1973-2003 New York Republican
- Newt Gingrich 1979-1999 Georgia Republican
- Dan Glickman 1977-1995 Kansas Democrat
- Henry B. Gonzalez 1961-1999 Texas Democrat
- Benjamin Goodhue
- Albert Gore, Sr. Tennessee Democrat
- Albert Gore, Jr. 1977-1985 Tennessee Democrat
- Porter Goss 1989-2004 Florida Republican
- Lindsey Graham 1995-2003 South Carolina Republican
- Fred Grandy Iowa
- Charles Grassley 1975-1981 Iowa Republican
- Samuel Griffin
- Martha Griffiths
- Harold R. Gross
- Jonathan Grout

H

- Sam B. Hall
- Tony Hall 1979-2003 Ohio Democrat
- Lee Hamilton 1965-1999 Indiana Democrat
- Hannibal Hamlin
- John Paul Hammerschmidt 1967-1993 Arkansas Republican
- Kent Hance 1979-1985 Texas Democrat
- James Hansen 1981-2003 Utah Republican
- William Henry Harrison
- Thomas Hartley
- John Hathorn
- Augustus F. Hawkins
- Jimmy Hayes 1987-1995 Louisiana Democrat, 1995-1997 Republican
- Rutherford B. Hayes
- Ken Hechler 1959-1977 West Virginia Democrat
- Margaret Heckler 1967-1983 Massachusetts Republican
- Thomas A. Hendricks
- Manuel Herrick 1921-1923 Oklahoma Republican
- John W. Heselton 1945-1959 Massachusetts Republican
- Daniel Hiester
- Jack Hightower 1975-1985 Texas Democrat
- Baron Hill 1999-2005 Indiana Democrat
- Earl Hilliard 1993-2003 Alabama Democrat
- George Frisbie Hoar
- Samuel Hoar
- George Hochbrueckner 1987-1995 New York Democrat
- Clare Hoffman
- Chester E. Holifield
- Marjorie Holt 1973-1987 Maryland Republican
- Amo Houghton 1987-2005 New York Republican
- Winnifred Sprague Mason Huck
- Claude Benton Hudspeth
- Daniel Huger
- Benjamin Huntington
- Asa Hutchinson 1997-2001 Arkansas Republican
- Earl Hutto 1979-1995 Florida Democrat

I

J

- Andrew Jackson Democrat
- James Jackson 1757-1806 Georgia Jeffersonian Republican
- James Jackson 1819-1887 Georgia Democrat, grandson of the elder James Jackson
- William Pat Jennings 1955-1967 Virginia Democrat
- Andrew Johnson Tennessee Democrat
- Lyndon Johnson 1937-1949 Texas Democrat
- Richard M. Johnson
- Barbara Jordan 1973-1979 Texas Democrat
- Walter H. Judd

K

- Florence Kahn
- Robert Kastenmeier 1959-1991 Wisconsin Democrat
- Hastings Keith 1959-1973 Massachusetts Republican
- Jack Kemp 1971-1989 New York Republican
- John F. Kennedy Massachusetts Democrat
- Barbara Kennelly 1981-1999 Connecticut Democrat
- Tom Kindness 1975-1987 Ohio Republican
- William R. King
- Michael Kirwan
- Ron Klink 1993-2001 Pennsylvania Democrat
- Joseph R. Knowland
- Dan Kuykendall 1967-1975 Tennessee Republican

L

- John LaFalce 1975-2003 New York Democrat
- Nick Lampson 1997-2005 Texas Democrat
- Greg Laughlin 1989-1995 Texas Democrat, 1995-1997 Republican
- John Laurance
- Richard Bland Lee
- William Lehman
- Mickey Leland 1979-1989 Texas Democrat
- George Leonard
- Abraham Lincoln 1847-1849 Illinois Whig
- Samuel Livermore
- Bob Livingston 1978-1999 Louisiana Republican
- Marilyn Lloyd 1975-1995 Tennessee Democrat
- Clare Boothe Luce
- Manuel Lujan 1969-1989 New Mexico Republican
- Thomas Andrew Luken 1973-1991 Ohio Democrat
- Donald "Buz" Lukens
- Bill Luther 1995-2003 Minnesota Democrat

M

- Ray J. Madden
- James Madison
- Patrick Magruder
- George H. Mahon
- Vito Marcantonio
- Joseph William Martin, Jr.
- Frank Mascara 1995-2003 Pennsylvania Democrat
- George A. Mathews
- Robert Matsui 1979-2005 California Democrat
- Romano Mazzoli 1971-1995 Kentucky Democrat
- Eugene McCarthy 1949-1959 Minnesota Democrat
- Karen McCarthy 1995-2005 Missouri Democrat
- Frank McCloskey 1983-1995 Indiana Democrat
- Paul "Pete" Norton McCloskey, Jr. 1967-1983 California Republican
- John W. McCormack Massachusetts Democrat
- Matthew McHugh 1975-1993 New York Democrat
- Scott McInnis 1993-2005 Colorado Republican
- William McKinley
- John L. McMillan
- Schuyler Merritt
- Kweisi Mfume 1987-1996 Maryland Democrat
- Bob Michel 1957-1995 Illinois Republican
- Abner Mikva 1969-1973, 1975-1979 Illinois Democrat
- Dan Miller 1993-2003 Florida Republican
- William Edward Miller
- Wilbur Mills
- Norman Y. Mineta 1975-1995 California Democrat
- David Minge 1993-2001 Minnesota Democrat
- Patsy Mink 1965-1977, 1990-2002 Hawaii

United States House of Representatives

The United States House of Representatives is one of the two houses of the Congress of the United States. Each state is represented in the House proportional to its population, but each state is entitled to at least one Representative. The total number of Representatives is currently fixed at 435, each of whom serve two-year terms. Congress has the power to alter the total membership. The presiding officer of the House is known as the Speaker. The bicameral Congress arose from the desire of the Founding Fathers to create a "house of the people" that would closely resemble and follow public opinion, and a more deliberative, learned and reserved Senate which would be less susceptible to the frenzies of mass sentiment. It is conventional to consider the House as the "lower house", and the Senate as the "upper house", although the U.S. Constitution, does not use such language. The Constitution provides that the approval of both houses is necessary for the passage of legislation. The House is generally considered a more partisan chamber than the Senate. Many of the Founding Fathers intended the Senate (originally elected by the state legislatures) to be a check on the popularly elected House, just as the House was to be a check on the Senate. The "advice and consent" powers (such as the power to approve treaties) were therefore granted to the Senate alone. The House was granted its own exclusive powers: the power to initiate revenue bills, impeach officials, and elect the President in electoral college deadlocks. However, the Senate can propose amendments to spending bills, tries impeached officials, and chooses the Vice President in an electoral college deadlock. The Senate and its members generally have greater prestige than the House and its members. Senators serve longer terms, are less numerous, and (in most cases) represent larger constituencies than members of the House. Senate.]]

History

Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress was a unicameral body in which each state held one vote. The ineffectiveness of the federal government under the Articles led Congress to summon a Constitutional Convention in 1787; all states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates. The issue of how Congress was to be structured was one of the most divisive during the Convention. James Madison's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress; the lower house would be elected directly by the people, and the upper house would be elected by the lower house. The plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states. Eventually, the Convention reached the Connecticut Compromise, or the Great Compromise, under which one house of Congress (the House of Representatives) would provide proportional representation, whereas the other (the Senate) would provide equal representation. The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states (nine out of the 13) in 1788, but its full implementation was set for March 4, 1789. The House began work on April 1, 1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over sectionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives. However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Sectional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery. One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican-American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War (1861–1865), which began soon after several southern states declared secession from the Union. The war culminated in the South's defeat and in the abolition of slavery. The years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Union's victory in the Civil War. Reconstruction ended in about 1877; the ensuing era, known as the Gilded Age, was marked by sharp political divisions in the electorate. Both the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the Speaker of the House. The rise of the Speaker's influence began in the 1890s, during tenure of Republican Thomas Brackett Reed. "Czar Reed," as he was nicknamed, attempted to put into effect his view that "The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch." The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period, with the positions of Majority Leader and Minority Leader being created in 1899. While the Minority Leader was the head of the minority party, the Majority Leader remained subordinate to the Speaker. The Speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon, 1903 to 1911. The powers of the Speaker included chairmanship of the influential Rules Committee and the ability to appoint members of other House committees. These powers, however, were curtailed in the "Revolution of 1910" due to the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon's arguably heavy-handed tactics. The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during most of the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945), often winning over two-thirds of the seats. Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade. However, after winning the elections of 1954, the Democratic Party would maintain control of the House for the next forty years. In the mid-1970s, there were major reforms of the House, strengthening the power of sub-commmittees at the expense of committee chairman and allowing party leaders to nominate committee chairs. These actions were taken to undermine the "seniority" system, and to reduce the ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor. There was also a shift from the 1970s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party; in particular, the power of party leaders (especially the Speaker) grew considerably. The Republicans swept back into power only in 1995, under the leadership of Speaker Newt Gingrich (see Republican Revolution). Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program, the Contract With America on which the House Republicans had been elected, and made major reforms of the House, notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two-year terms.

Membership

Contract With America Under article one, section two of the constitution, seats in the House of Representatives are apportioned among the states on the basis of population, as determined by a census conducted every ten years. Each state, however, is entitled to at least one representative. The only constitutional rule relating to the size of the House is that it may consist of no more than one member for every thirty thousand people. As the US population increased, this minumum proved untenable (adhering to this mimumum would today fill the House with over 9800 members), and Congress fixed the size of the House at 435 seats in 1911 (see Public Law 62-5). The figure was temporarily increased to 437 in 1959 to reflect the admission of Alaska and Hawaii as states, but returned to 435 four years later. The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or of territories. However, Congress has passed legislation permitting them to elect delegates or Resident Commissioners. Delegates and Resident Commissioners are permitted to participate in debates and to vote in committees, but they may not vote on the floor of the House. The District of Columbia and the territories of American Samoa, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands are represented by a delegate each. Only Puerto Rico elects a Resident Commissioner. States that are entitled to more than one representative must be divided into single-member districts. Typically, states conduct redistricting after each census, though states are allowed to redraw the boundaries at other times as well (see Redistricting warrant). Each state determines its own district boundaries, either through legislation or by a non-partisan panel. "Malapportionment" is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population (see Wesberry v. Sanders). The Voting Rights Act prohibits states from gerrymandering districts to reduce ethnic minorities' voting power. Using gerrymandering for political gain is not prohibited, even when political gerrymandering incidentally involves the creation of racially concentrated districts. Due to gerrymandering, fewer than 10% of all House seats are seriously contested in each election cycle. The fact that over 90% of House members are nearly guaranteed reelection every two years due to lack of electoral competition, has been criticized because it can be seen as against one of the main principles of democracy (fair competition). The legal gerrymandering of the House, combined with the institutionalized gerrymandering of the Senate and the Electoral College, have been criticized as being antithetical to democracy and representative government. Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution sets forth three qualifications for representatives: each representative must be at least twenty-five years old, must have been a citizen of the United States for at least the past seven years, and must be (at the time of the election) an inhabitant of the state he or she represents. It is not, however, requisite for the representative to live in his or her district. The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less stringent than those for senators. Furthermore, under the Fourteenth Amendment, any federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath to support the Constitution, but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States, is disqualified from becoming a representative. This provision, which came into force soon after the end of the American Civil War, was intended to prevent those who sided with the Confederacy from serving. The Amendment, however, provides that a disqualified individual may still serve if two-thirds of both Houses of Congress vote to remove the disability. Elections are held in every even-numbered year, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November (Election Day (United States)). Generally, the Republican and Democratic parties choose their candidates in primary elections, which are typically held several months before the general elections. Ballot access rules for independent and third-party candidates vary from state to state. For the general election, almost all states use the first-past-the-post system, under which the candidate with a plurality of votes (not necessarily an absolute majority) wins. The sole exception is Louisiana, which uses runoff voting. All vacancies that arise during a term must be filled by special elections, conducted in the same manner. Representatives and delegates serve for two-year terms, whereas the Resident Commissioner serves for four years. Once elected, a representative continues to serve until the expiry of his or her term, death, or resignation. Furthermore, the Constitution permits the House to expel any member with a two-thirds majority. In the history of the United States, only five members have been expelled from the House; three of them were removed in 1861 for supporting the Confederate secession, which led to the American Civil War. In 1980, Michael Myers was expelled for accepting bribes and James Traficant was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption. The House also has the power to censure its members; censure requires only a simple majority, but does not remove a member from office. Representatives are entitled to prefix "The Honorable" to their names. A member of the House is commonly referred to as a "Congressman" or "Congresswoman". Although the Senate also forms a part of Congress, these terms are generally not applied to Senators. The term "Representative" is also used to refer to a member of the House, although this term is less frequently used. Among academics and journalists, the term "Member of Congress" (MC) is gaining popularity in reference to members of both houses, with "Representative" replacing "Congressman/woman". The annual salary of each Representative is $162,100. The Speaker of the House and the Majority and Minority Leaders earn higher salaries. By comparison, Senators earn the same as Representatives, cabinet members $180,100, and the President of the United States $400,000.

Officers

The party with a majority of seats in the House is known as the majority party; the next-largest party is the minority party. The Speaker, committee chairmen, and some other officials are generally from the majority party; they have counterparts (for instance, the "ranking members" of committees) in the minority party. The Constitution provides that the House may choose its own Speaker. Although not explicitly required by the Constitution, every Speaker has been a member of the House. The Constitution does not specify the duties and powers of the Speaker, which are instead regulated by the rules and customs of the House. The Speaker has a role both as a leader of the House and the leader of his or her party (always the majority party). Under the Presidential Succession Act (1947), the Speaker is second in line behind the Vice President to succeed the President. The Speaker is the presiding officer of the House, but does not preside over every debate. Instead, he or she delegates the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases. The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber. The powers of the presiding officer are extensive; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak. No member may make a speech or a motion unless he or she has first been recognized by the presiding officer. Moreover, the presiding officer may rule on any "point of order" (a member's objection that a rule has been breached), but the decision is subject to appeal to the whole House. The Speaker is the chair of his or her party's steering committee, which chooses the chairmen of standing committees. The Speaker determines which committees consider bills, appoints most of the members of the Rules Committee, and appoints all members of conference committees. When the Presidency and Congress are controlled by different parties, the Speaker can become the de facto "leader of the opposition." Since the Speaker is a partisan officer with substantial power to control the business of the House, the position is often used for partisan advantage. Each party elects a floor leader, who is known as the Majority Leader or Minority Leader. While the Minority Leader is the full leader of his or her party, the same is not true of the Majority Leader. Instead, the Speaker is the head of the majority party; the Majority Leader is only the second-highest official. Each party also elects a whip, who works to ensure that his or her party's members vote as the party leadership desires. Representatives are generally less independent of party leaders than senators, and usually vote as the leadership directs. Incentives to cooperate include the leadership's power to select committee chairmen. As a result, the leadership plays a much greater role in the House than in the Senate, and the atmosphere of the House is regarded by many as more partisan. The House is also served by several officials who are not members. The House's chief officer is the Clerk, who maintains public records, prepares documents, and oversees junior officials. The Clerk also presides over the House at the beginning of each new Congress pending the election of a Speaker. Another officer is the Chief Administrative Officer, responsible for the day-to-day administrative support to the House of Representatives. This includes everything from payroll to food service. The last House official is the Sergeant-at-Arms, who, as the House's chief law enforcement officer, maintains order and security on House premises. Routine police work is actually handled by the Capitol Police, which is supervised by the Capitol Police Board, a body to which the Sergeant-at-Arms belongs. The position of Chief Administrative Officer was created following the 1994 takeover of the House by Republicans replacing the positions of Doorkeeper and Postmaster.

Procedure

Like the Senate, the House of Representatives meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. At one end of the chamber of the House is a rostrum from which the Speaker presides. The lower tier of the rostrum is used by clerks and other officials. Members' desks are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern; the desks are divided by a wide central aisle. By tradition, Democrats sit on the right of the center aisle, while Republicans sit on the left, as viewed from the presiding officer's chair. Sittings are normally held on weekdays; meetings on Saturdays and Sundays are rare. Sittings of the House are generally open to the public and are broadcast live on television by C-SPAN. The procedure of the House depends not only on the rules, but also on a variety of customs, precedents, and traditions. In many cases, the House waives some of its stricter rules (including time limits on debates) by unanimous consent. Any member may block a unanimous consent agreement, but in practice, objections are rare. The presiding officer enforces the rules of the House, and may warn members who deviate from them. The presiding officer uses a gavel to maintain order. The Constitution provides that a majority of the House constitutes a quorum to do business. Under the rules and customs of the House, a quorum is always assumed to be present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise. Any member may make a point of order that a quorum is not present; if the presiding officer accepts the point of order, a quorum call may be held. Although a majority of members are not normally present during debates, objections that a quorum is not present are rarely made. During debates, a member may only speak if called upon by the presiding officer. The presiding officer may determine which members to recognize, and may therefore control the course of debate. All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer, using the words "Mr. Speaker" or "Madam Speaker." Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches; other members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, members do not refer to each other by name, but by state, using forms such as "the gentleman from Virginia" or "the gentlewoman from California." Before legislation reaches the floor of the House, the Rules Committee normally passes a rule to govern debate on that measure. For instance, the committee determines if amendments to the bill are permitted. An "open rule" permits all germane amendments, but a "closed rule" restricts or even prohibits amendment. Debate on a bill is generally restricted to one hour, equally divided between the majority and minority parties. Each side is led during the debate by a "floor manager," who allocates debate time to members who wish to speak. On contentious matters, many members may wish to speak; thus, a member may receive as little as one minute, or even thirty seconds, to make his or her point. When debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote. In many cases, the House votes by voice vote; the presiding officer puts the question, and Members respond either "Aye" (in favor of the motion) or "No" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote. Any member, however, may challenge the presiding officer's assessment and "request the yeas and nays" or "request a recorded vote." The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the members present. In practice, however, congressmen second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. Recorded votes are automatically held in some cases, such as votes on the annual budget. The House may vote in three manners. Firstly, the House may vote by electronic device; each member uses a personal identification card to record his or her vote at one of 44 voting stations in the chamber. Votes are almost always held by electronic device. Secondly, the House may conduct a teller vote. Members hand in colored cards to indicate their votes: green for "Yea," red for "Nay," and orange for "Present" (i.e., to abstain). Teller votes are normally held only when the computer system breaks down. Finally, the House may conduct a roll call vote. The clerk reads the list of members of the House, each of whom announces his or her vote when his or her name is called. This procedure is reserved for very formal votes (such as the election of a Speaker) due to the time consumed by calling over four hundred names. Voting traditionally lasts for fifteen minutes, but it may be extended if the leadership needs to "whip" more Congressmen into alignment. The 2003 vote on the Prescription Drug Benefit was open for three hours, from 3:00 to 6:00 AM. The 2005 vote on CAFTA was open for one hour, from 11:00 PM to 12:00 AM. An October 2005 vote on facilitating refinery construction was kept open for forty minutes. The presiding officer may vote, like any other member. If a vote is tied, the presiding officer does not have a casting vote (unless he or she has not yet cast his or her vote). Instead, motions are decided in the negative when ties arise.

Committees

The Houses uses committees (as well as their subcommittees) for a variety of purposes, including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch. The appointment of committee members is formally made by the whole House, but the choice of members is actually made by the political parties. Generally, each party honors the preferences of individual congressmen and congresswomen, giving priority on the basis of seniority. Each party is allocated seats on committees in proportion to its overall strength. The largest committee of the House is the Committee of the Whole, which, as its name suggests, consists of all members of the House. The Committee meets in the House chamber; it may consider and amend bills, but may not grant them final passage. Generally, the debate procedures of the Committee of the Whole are more flexible than those of the House itself. Most committee work is performed by twenty standing committees, each of which has jurisdiction over a specific field such as Agriculture or International Relations. Each standing committee considers, amends, and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction. Committees have extensive powers with regard to bills; they may block legislation from reaching the floor of the House. Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch. In discharging their duties, standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence. The House also has one permanent committee that is not a standing committee, the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Furthermore, the Congress includes joint committees, which include members of both the Senate and the House of Representatives. Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies; for instance, the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress. Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports; for example, there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation. Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees. Hence, the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees. Each House committee and subcommittee is led by a chairman (always a member of the majority party). Prior to the reforms of the 1970s, committee chairmen were very powerful. Woodrow Wilson suggested: :Power is nowhere concentrated; it is rather deliberately and of set policy scattered amongst many small chiefs. It is divided up, as it were, into forty-seven seigniories, in each of which a Standing Committee is the court-baron and its chairman lord-proprietor. These petty barons, some of them not a little powerful, but none of them within the reach of the full powers of rule, may at will exercise almost despotic sway within their own shires, and may sometimes threaten to convulse even the realm itself. Formerly, committee chairmanship was determined purely by seniority; however, the rules were changed in 1975 to permit party caucuses to elect chairmen. In 1995, Republicans under Newt Gingrich set a limit of three two-year terms for committee chairmen. The chairman's powers are extensive; he or she controls the committee's agenda, and may prevent the committee from approving a bill. Modern committee chairmen are typically not forceful in exerting their influence, although there have been some exceptions. The second-highest member, the spokesperson on the committee for the minority party, is known in most cases the Ranking Member.

Legislative functions

Most bills may be introduced in either House of Congress. However, the Constitution provides that "All bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives." As a result, the Senate does not have the power to initiate bills imposing taxes. Furthermore, the House of Representatives holds that the Senate does not have the power to originate appropriation bills, or bills authorizing the expenditure of federal funds. Historically, the Senate has disputed the interpretation advocated by the House. However, whenever the Senate originates an appropriations bill, the House simply refuses to consider it, thereby settling the dispute in practice. The constitutional provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the British Parliament, in which only the House of Commons may originate such measures. Although it cannot originate revenue bills, the Senate retains the power to amend or reject them. As Woodrow Wilson wrote: :[T]he Senate's right to amend [revenue bills] has been allowed the widest possible scope. The upper house may add to them what it pleases; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation, altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure, and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character. The approval of both the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for any bill, including a revenue bill, to become law. Both Houses must pass the exact same version of the bill; if there are differences, they may be resolved by a conference committee, which includes members of both bodies. For the stages through which bills pass in the Senate, see Act of Congress.

Checks and balances

The Constitution provides that the Senate's "advice and consent" is necessary for the President to make certain appointments and to ratify treaties. The House has no constitutional role in either process. Thus, the powers of the Senate are more extensive than those of the House. The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors" and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments. The House may approve "articles of impeachment" by a simple majority vote; however, a two-thirds vote is required for conviction in the Senate. A convicted official is automatically removed from office; in addition, the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office in the future. No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings; however, the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law. In the history of the United States, the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials, of whom seven were convicted. (Another resigned before the Senate could complete the trial.) Only two Presidents of the United States have ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1999. Both trials ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction. Under the Twelfth Amendment, the House has the power to elect the President if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the electoral college. The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. The Constitution provides that "the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote." Electoral college deadlocks are very rare; in the history of the United States, the House has only had to break a deadlock twice. In 1800, it elected Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr; in 1824, it elected John Q. Adams over Andrew Jackson and William H. Crawford. The power to elect the Vice President in the case of an electoral college deadlock belongs to the Senate.

Current composition

:
- Bernie Sanders of Vermont :
- California's 50th District, vacated by Randy Cunningham on November 28, 2005 :
- Luis Fortuño of Puerto Rico

References

- Berman, Daniel M. (1964). In Congress Assembled: The Legislative Process in the National Government. London: The Macmillan Company.
- Congressional Quarterly's Guide to Congress, 5th ed. (2000). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
- [http://www.c-span.org/questions/ C-SPAN. (2003). "Capitol Questions."]
- Story, Joseph. (1891). Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States. (2 vols). Boston: Brown & Little.
- Wilson, Woodrow. (1885). Congressional Government. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
- [http://www.house.gov/hastert/speaker/speaker.shtml "The Speaker of the House House Officer, Party Leader, and Representative"]

External links

- [http://www.house.gov The United States House of Representatives. Official Website.]
- [http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 to Present.]
- [http://www.washingtonian.com/inwashington/bwcongress.html Best & Worst of Congress, as chosen by their aides.] Category:National lower houses ja:アメリカ合衆国下院

List of members of the U.S. House of Representatives

The 109th United States Congress meets from January 4 2005, to January 3 2007. All members of the House of Representatives were elected in the November 2004 House elections, while 34 of the members of the Senate were elected in the November 2004 Senate elections.

Dates of sessions

Two sessions, roughly paralleling the calendar years 2005 and 2006, are scheduled: First Session
- January 4 2005: Session began.
- November 18 2005: The target date [http://majoritywhip.house.gov/calendar.asp?month=11&year=2005] for adjournment. Second Session
- January 3 2006: Scheduled date for commencement.
- ? 2006: The target date for adjournment is not yet known.
- January 3 2007: The 109th Congress will end.

Events

Legislation

Major legislation passed

- February 17, 2005: Class Action Fairness Act of 2005, PL 109-2
- April 14, 2005: Bankruptcy Reform Act of 2005, PL 109-8
- July 28, 2005: CAFTA Implementation Act, PL 109-53
- July 29, 2005: Energy Policy Act of 2005, PL 109-58

Other legislation

- H.R. 3 Federal Public Transportation Act of 2005
- H.R. 5 HEALTH Act of 2005
- H.R. 8 Death Tax Repeal Permanency Act of 2005
- H.R. 11 Medicare Rural Home Health Services Improvement Act of 2005
- H.R. 12 Amendment to the Education Land Grant Act
- H.R. 13 CLEAN-UP of Methamphetamines Act
- H.R. 15 National Health Insurance Act of 2005
- H.R. 3645 Katrina Relief Appropriations bill
- H.R. 3646 Gas Price Relief and Oil Conservation Act of 2005

Party Summary

Senate

House of Representatives

Officers

Senate

Majority leadership

Minority leadership

House of Representatives

Majority Leadership

Majority Deputy Whip Team

Minority Leadership

Minority Deputy Whip Team

Members

Members of the 109th United States Congress:

Senate

United States Congress

House of Representatives

Alabama

Alabama
- 1. Jo Bonner (R)
- 2. Terry Everett (R)
- 3. Mike D. Rogers (R)
- 4. Robert Aderholt (R)
- 5. Robert Cramer (D)
- 6. Spencer Bachus (R)
- 7. Artur Davis (D)

Alaska

- At Large - Don Young (R)

Arizona

Arizona
- 1. Rick Renzi (R)
- 2. Trent Franks (R)
- 3. John Shadegg (R)
- 4. Ed Pastor (D)
- 5. J.D. Hayworth (R)
- 6. Jeff Flake (R)
- 7. Raúl M. Grijalva (D)
- 8. Jim Kolbe (R)

Arkansas

Arkansas
- 1. Marion Berry (D)
- 2. Vic Snyder (D)
- 3. John Boozman (R)
- 4. Mike Ross (D)

California

California
- 1. Mike Thompson (D)
- 2. Wally Herger (R)
- 3. Dan Lungren (R)
- 4. John Doolittle (R)
- 5. Bob Matsui (D), died January 1, 2005 ::Doris Matsui (D), installed March 10, 2005
- 6. Lynn Woolsey (D)
- 7. George Miller (D)
- 8. Nancy Pelosi (D)
- 9. Barbara Lee (D)
- 10. Ellen Tauscher (D)
- 11. Richard Pombo (R)
- 12. Tom Lantos (D)
- 13. Pete Stark (D)
- 14. Anna Eshoo (D)
- 15. Mike Honda (D)
- 16. Zoe Lofgren (D)
- 17. Sam Farr (D)
- 18. Dennis Cardoza (D)
- 19. George Radanovich (R)
- 20. Jim Costa (D)
- 21. Devin Nunes (R)
- 22. Bill Thomas (R)
- 23. Lois Capps (D)
- 24. Elton Gallegly (R)
- 25. Howard McKeon (R)
- 26. David Dreier (R)
- 27. Brad Sherman (D)
- 28. Howard Berman (D)
- 29. Adam Schiff (D)
- 30. Henry Waxman (D)
- 31. Xavier Becerra (D)
- 32. Hilda Solis (D)
- 33. Diane Watson (D)
- 34. Lucille Roybal-Allard (D)
- 35. Maxine Waters (D)
- 36. Jane Harman (D)
- 37. Juanita Millender-McDonald (D)
- 38. Grace Napolitano (D)
- 39. Linda Sánchez (D)
- 40. Edward R. Royce (R)
- 41. Jerry Lewis (R)
- 42. Gary Miller (R)
- 43. Joe Baca (D)
- 44. Ken Calvert (R)
- 45. Mary Bono (R)
- 46. Dana Rohrabacher (R)
- 47. Loretta Sanchez (D)
- 48. Chris Cox (R), resigned August 2, 2005 ::John Campbell (R), installed December 7 2005
- 49. Darrell Issa (R)
- 50. Randy "Duke" Cunningham (R), resigned November 28, 2005 ::(vacant)
- 51. Bob Filner (D)
- 52. Duncan Hunter (R)
- 53. Susan Davis (D)

Colorado

Colorado
- 1. Diana DeGette (D)
- 2. Mark Udall (D)
- 3. John Salazar (D)
- 4. Marilyn Musgrave (R)
- 5. Joel Hefley (R)
- 6. Thomas G. Tancredo (R)
- 7. Bob Beauprez (R)

Connecticut

Connecticut
- 1. John Larson (D)
- 2. Rob Simmons (R)
- 3. Rosa DeLauro (D)
- 4. Christopher Shays (R)
- 5. Nancy Johnson (R)

Delaware

- At Large - Michael Castle (R)

Iowa

Iowa
- 1. Jim Nussle (R)
- 2. Jim Leach (R)
- 3. Leonard Boswell (D)
- 4. Tom Latham (R)
- 5. Steve King (R)

Kansas

Kansas
- 1. Jerry Moran (R)
- 2. Jim Ryun (R)
- 3. Dennis Moore (D)
- 4. Todd Tiahrt (R)

Kentucky

Kentucky
- 1. Ed Whitfield (R)
- 2. Ron Lewis (R)
- 3. Anne Northup (R)
- 4. Geoff Davis (R)
- 5. Harold Rogers (R)
- 6. Ben Chandler (D)

Louisiana

Louisiana
- 1. Bobby Jindal (R)
- 2. William Jefferson (D)
- 3. Charlie Melancon (D)
- 4. Jim McCrery (R)
- 5. Rodney Alexander (R)
- 6. Richard H. Baker (R)
- 7. Charles Boustany (R)

Maine

Maine
- 1. Tom Allen (D)
- 2. Mike Michaud (D)

Maryland

Maryland
- 1. Wayne Gilchrest (R)
- 2. Dutch Ruppersberger (D)
- 3. Ben Cardin (D)
- 4. Albert Wynn (D)
- 5. Steny Hoyer (D)
- 6. Roscoe Bartlett (R)
- 7. Elijah Cummings (D)
- 8. Chris Van Hollen (D)

Massachusetts

Massachusetts
- 1. John Olver (D)
- 2. Richard Neal (D)
- 3. Jim McGovern (D)
- 4. Barney Frank (D)
- 5. Marty Meehan (D)
- 6. John Tierney (D)
- 7. Ed Markey (D)
- 8. Mike Capuano (D)
- 9. Stephen Lynch (D)
- 10. Bill Delahunt (D)

Michigan

Michigan
- 1. Bart Stupak (D)
- 2. Peter Hoekstra (R)
- 3. Vern Ehlers (R)
- 4. David Lee Camp (R)
- 5. Dale Kildee (D)
- 6. Fred Upton (R)
- 7. Joe Schwarz (R)
- 8. Mike J. Rogers (R)
- 9. Joe Knollenberg (R)
- 10. Candice S. Miller (R)
- 11. Thaddeus McCotter (R)
- 12. Sander Levin (D)
- 13. Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick (D)
- 14. John Conyers (D)
- 15. John Dingell (D)

Minnesota

Minnesota
- 1. Gil Gutknecht (R)
- 2. John Kline (R)
- 3. Jim Ramstad (R)
- 4. Betty McCollum (D)
- 5. Martin Olav Sabo (D)
- 6. Mark Kennedy (R)
- 7. Collin Peterson (D)
- 8. James Oberstar (D)

Mississippi

Mississippi
- 1. Roger Wicker (R)
- 2. Bennie Thompson (D)
- 3. Chip Pickering (R)
- 4. Gene Taylor (D)

Missouri

Missouri
- 1. William Lacy Clay, Jr. (D)
- 2. Todd Akin (R)
- 3. Russ Carnahan (D)
- 4. Ike Skelton (D)
- 5. Emanuel Cleaver (D)
- 6. Sam Graves (R)
- 7. Roy Blunt (R)
- 8. Jo Ann Emerson (R)
- 9. Kenny Hulshof (R)

Montana

- At Large - Denny Rehberg (R)

Nebraska

Nebraska
- 1. Jeff Fortenberry (R)
- 2. Lee Terry (R)
- 3. Tom Osborne (R)

Nevada

Nevada
- 1. Shelley Berkley (D)
- 2. Jim Gibbons (R)
- 3. Jon Porter (R)

New Hampshire

New Hampshire
- 1. Jeb Bradley (R)
- 2. Charlie Bass (R)

New Jersey

New Jersey
- 1. Rob Andrews (D)
- 2. Frank LoBiondo (R)
- 3. Jim Saxton (R)
- 4. Chris Smith (R)
- 5. Scott Garrett (R)
- 6. Frank Pallone (D)
- 7. Mike Ferguson (R)
- 8. Bill Pascrell, Jr. (D)
- 9. Steve Rothman (D)
- 10. Donald M. Payne (D)
- 11. Rodney Frelinghuysen (R)
- 12. Rush D. Holt, Jr. (D)
- 13. Bob Menendez (D), Resignation expected, see Changes in Membership, below

New Mexico

New Mexico
- 1. Heather Wilson (R)
- 2. Steve Pearce (R)
- 3. Tom Udall (D)

New York

New York
- 1. Tim Bishop (D)
- 2. Steve Israel (D)
- 3. Peter T. King (R)
- 4. Carolyn McCarthy (D)
- 5. Gary Ackerman (D)
- 6. Gregory W. Meeks (D)
- 7. Joseph Crowley (D)
- 8. Jerrold Nadler (D)
- 9. Anthony D. Weiner (D)
- 10. Edolphus Towns (D)
- 11. Major Owens (D)
- 12. Nydia Velázquez (D)
- 13. Vito Fossella (R)
- 14. Carolyn B. Maloney (D)
- 15. Charles Rangel (D)
- 16. José Serrano (D)
- 17. Eliot L. Engel (D)
- 18. Nita Lowey (D)
- 19. Sue W. Kelly (R)
- 20. John E. Sweeney (R)
- 21. Michael R. McNulty (D)
- 22. Maurice Hinchey (D)
- 23. John M. McHugh (R)
- 24. Sherwood Boehlert (R)
- 25. James T. Walsh (R)
- 26. Thomas M. Reynolds (R)
- 27. Brian Higgins (D)
- 28. Louise McIntosh Slaughter (D)
- 29. Randy Kuhl (R)

North Carolina

North Carolina
- 1. G. K. Butterfield (D)
- 2. Bob Etheridge (D)
- 3. Walter B. Jones (R)
- 4. David Price (D)
- 5. Virginia Foxx (R)
- 6. Howard Coble (R)
- 7. Mike McIntyre (D)
- 8. Robin Hayes (R)
- 9. Sue Wilkins Myrick (R)
- 10. Patrick McHenry (R)
- 11. Charles H. Taylor (R)
- 12. Mel Watt (D)
- 13. Brad Miller (D)

North Dakota

- At Large - Earl Pomeroy (D)

Ohio

Ohio
- 1. Steve Chabot (R)
- 2. Rob Portman (R), resigned April 29, 2005 ::Jean Schmidt (R), installed September 6, 2005
- 3. Michael R. Turner (R)
- 4. Michael G. Oxley (R)
- 5. Paul E. Gillmor (R)
- 6. Ted Strickland (D)
- 7. David L. Hobson (R)
- 8. John A. Boehner (R)
- 9. Marcia C. Kaptur (D)
- 10. Dennis J. Kucinich (D)
- 11. Stephanie Tubbs Jones (D)
- 12. Patrick J. Tiberi (R)
- 13. Sherrod Brown (D)
- 14. Steven C. LaTourette (R)
- 15. Deborah D. Pryce (R)
- 16. Ralph S. Regula (R)
- 17. Timothy J. Ryan (D)
- 18. Robert W. Ney (R)

Oklahoma

Oklahoma
- 1. John Sullivan (R)
- 2. Dan Boren (D)
- 3. Frank Lucas (R)
- 4. Tom Cole (R)
- 5. Ernest Istook (R)

Oregon

Oregon
- 1. David Wu (D)
- 2. Greg Walden (R)
- 3. Earl Blumenauer (D)
- 4. Peter DeFazio (D)
- 5. Darlene Hooley (D)

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania
- 1. Bob Brady (D)
- 2. Chaka Fattah (D)
- 3. Phil English (R)
- 4. Melissa Hart (R)
- 5. John E. Peterson (R)
- 6. Jim Gerlach (R)
- 7. Curt Weldon (R)
- 8. Mike Fitzpatrick (R)
- 9. Bill Shuster (R)
- 10. Don Sherwood (R)
- 11. Paul Kanjorski (D)
- 12. John Murtha (D)
- 13. Allyson Schwartz (D)
- 14. Michael F. Doyle (D)
- 15. Charles Dent (R)
- 16. Joseph R. Pitts (R)
- 17. Tim Holden (D)
- 18. Tim Murphy (R)
- 19. Todd Russell Platts (R)

Rhode Island

Rhode Island
- 1. Patrick J. Kennedy (D)
- 2. James Langevin (D)

South Carolina

South Carolina
- 1. Henry E. Brown, Jr. (R)
- 2. Joe Wilson (R)
- 3. Gresham Barrett (R)
- 4. Bob Inglis (R)
- 5. John Spratt (D)
- 6. Jim Clyburn (D)

South Dakota

- At Large - Stephanie Herseth (D)

Tennessee

Tennessee
- 1. Bill Jenkins (R)
- 2. John Duncan (R)
- 3. Zach Wamp (R)
- 4. Lincoln Davis (D)
- 5. Jim Cooper (D)
- 6. Bart Gordon (D)
- 7. Marsha Blackburn (R)
- 8. John S. Tanner (D)
- 9. Harold Ford, Jr. (D)

Texas

Texas
- 1. Louie Gohmert (R)
- 2. Ted Poe (R)
- 3. Sam Johnson (R)
- 4. Ralph Hall (R)
- 5. Jeb Hensarling (R)
- 6. Joe Barton (R)
- 7. John Culberson (R)
- 8. Kevin Brady (R)
- 9. Al Green (D)
- 10. Michael McCaul (R)
- 11. Mike Conaway (R)
- 12. Kay Granger (R)
- 13. Mac Thornberry (R)
- 14. Ron Paul (R)
- 15. Rubén Hinojosa (D)
- 16. Silvestre Reyes (D)
- 17. Chet Edwards (D)
- 18. Sheila Jackson-Lee (D)
- 19. Randy Neugebauer (R)
- 20. Charlie Gonzalez (D)
- 21. Lamar S. Smith (R)
- 22. Tom DeLay (R)
- 23. Henry Bonilla (R)
- 24. Kenny Marchant (R)
- 25. Lloyd Doggett (D)
- 26. Michael C. Burgess (R)
- 27. Solomon P. Ortiz (D)
- 28. Henry Cuellar (D)
- 29. Gene Green (D)
- 30. Eddie Bernice Johnson (D)
- 31. John Carter (R)
- 32. Pete Sessions (R)

Utah

Utah
- 1. Rob Bishop (R)
- 2. Jim Matheson (D)
- 3. Chris Cannon (R)

Vermont

- At Large - Bernie Sanders (I)

Virginia

Virginia
- 1. Jo Ann Davis (R)
- 2. Thelma Drake (R)
- 3. Robert C. Scott (D)
- 4. Randy Forbes (R)
- 5. Virgil Goode (R)
- 6. Bob Goodlatte (R)
- 7. Eric Cantor (R)
- 8. Jim Moran (D)
- 9. Rick Boucher (D)
- 10. Frank Wolf (R)
- 11. Thomas M. Davis (R)

Washington

Washington
- 1. Jay Inslee (D)
- 2. Rick Larsen (D)
- 3. Brian Baird (D)
- 4. Doc Hastings (R)
- 5. Cathy McMorris (R)
- 6. Norman D. Dicks (D)
- 7. Jim McDermott (D)
- 8. Dave Reichert (R)
- 9. Adam Smith (D)

West Virginia

West Virginia
- 1. Alan Mollohan (D)
- 2. Shelley Moore Capito (R)
- 3. Nick Rahall (D)

Wisconsin

Wisconsin
- 1. Paul Ryan (R)
- 2. Tammy Baldwin (D)
- 3. Ron Kind (D)
- 4. Gwen Moore (D)
- 5. Jim Sensenbrenner (R)
- 6. Tom Petri (R)
- 7. Dave Obey (D)
- 8. Mark Green (R)

Wyoming

- At Large - Barbara Cubin (R)

American Samoa

- Eni F.H. Faleomavaega (non-voting delegate) (D)

District of Columbia

- Eleanor Holmes Norton (non-voting delegate) (D)

Guam

- Madeleine Z. Bordallo (non-voting delegate) (D)

Puerto Rico

- Luis Fortuño (non-voting Resident Commissioner) (R/PNP)

Virgin Islands

- Donna Christian-Christensen (non-voting delegate) (D)

Changes in Membership

Senate

House of Representatives

- A primary was held on October 4 2005. No candidate received a majority of the votes on that date, so the top candidates from each party faced each other in a runoff on December 6 2005. John Campbell won.
- A primary election will be held in early 2006 to fill the vacant seat. If no candidate receives a majority of the votes on that date, a runoff election will be held.
- Senator Jon Corzine was elected Governor of New Jersey on November 8, 2005. His seat will become vacant when he resigns at or before his January 17, 2006 inauguration. As the new Governor, he has the authority to appoint an interim Senator. On December 9, 2006, Corizine announced the selection of Congressman Robert Menendez to fill his seat. This, in turn, will make Mendendez's 13th district seat vacant. A special election will be held in 2006 to replace Menendez.

Employees

Architect of the Capitol: Alan M. Hantman

Senate

- Secretary of the Senate: Emily J. Reynolds
- Sergeant at Arms: William H. Pickle
- Parliamentarian: Robert Dove
- Historian [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Senate_Historical_Office.htm]: Richard A. Baker
- Chaplain: Barry C. Black

House of Representatives

- Clerk [http://clerk.house.gov]: Jeff Trandahl (to 2005), Karen L. Haas (2005 to present)
- Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives: Wilson Livingood
- Parliamentarian: Charles W. Johnson
- Reading Clerks: Paul Hays (R), Mary Kevin Niland (D)
- Historian: Robert V. Remini
- Chief Administrative Officer: James M. Eagen, III
- Chaplain: Daniel P. Coughlin
- See also: [http://clerk.house.gov/legisAct/legisProc/rules/rule2.html Rules of the House: "Other officers and officials"]

External links

- [http://thomas.loc.gov/ "Thomas" Project] at the Library of Congress
- [http://www.senate.gov/ U.S. Senate official page]
- [http://www.house.gov/ U.S. House of Representatives official page] 109 Category:Lists of United States politicians United States Congress Category:Members of the U.S. House of Representatives Category:Current members of the U.S. House of Representatives

List of former members of the U.S. Senate

This is an incomplete list of all people who previously served in the United States Senate.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Composition of the Senate during former Congresses

External links

- http://bioguide.congress.gov Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
- http://home.earthlink.net/~dbratman/senate.html Complete list of Senators
- Senators United States Senate

Aníbal Acevedo Vilá

Aníbal Acevedo Vilá (born February 13, 1962) is the eighth and current democratically elected Governor of Puerto Rico. Acevedo has served in many political posts in Puerto Rico, including being member of the House of Representatives (1993–2001) and Resident Commissioner (2001–2005). Acevedo won the office of Governor on the elections of November 2004, defeating former Governor Pedro Rosselló. However, Acevedo's margin of victory was just 3,566 votes and was marred by a controversy that involved appealings at the United States federal courts. Acevedo is the first elected governor born after the adoption of the Constitution of Puerto Rico.

Early life and education

Acevedo Vilá was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and attended the Colegio San José High School in the same municipality, where he graduated as president of the class in 1979. In 1982, he obtained a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science at the University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras. He continued his studies in Law at the same campus, where he was elected Vice President of the Student Council and served as Editor-in-Chief of the law journal published by the school. He obtained his Juris Doctor in 1985, graduating magna cum laude. After passing the Puerto Rican bar, Acevedo Vilá completed a year-long clerkship at the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, where he worked under Justice Federico Hernández Denton. In 1987, he obtained a Master's degree in Law from Harvard University. From 1987 to 1988, he served as a law clerk for the Honorable Levin Campbell, Chief Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston, Massachusetts.

Political career

Acevedo Vilá began his political career in 1989 when he worked as Advisor in Legislative Affairs to then-Governor Rafael Hernández Colón. In 1992 he was elected as Representative At-Large to Puerto Rico's House of Representatives. He developed his leadership skills during this period and was able to win reelection in 1996. The following year, his party elected him Minority Leader of the House. In February 1997, Acevedo Vilá was elected President of the Popular Democratic Party. In 1998, Acevedo Vilá participated in a campaign against the Young Bill, a proposed legislative project headed by the U.S. Congress which sought to resolve the political status of Puerto Rico by calling a referendum. However, the referendum called for in the project would not have included the option for Puerto Rico to remain a commonwealth with the United States. Although the project failed to become law, Puerto Rico's elected officials at the time headed by Governor Pedro Rosselló organized a non-binding plebiscite to define Puerto Rico's political status, in which Puerto Ricans were given five options in the ballot: commonwealth, associated republic, statehood, independence from the United States, or "none of the above". Acevedo and his party believed that the definition for the commonwealth which was included in the plebsicite ballot was ill-defined; therefore, his party campaigned for the "none of the above" option, which ultimately won over the other options on the ballot. (See Puerto Rico status referenda for more information.)

Resident Commissioner

Puerto Rico status referenda In 2000, Acevedo Vilá ran for Resident Commissioner of the island after defeating José Hernández Mayoral in their party's primary election. Later that year, Acevedo Vilá defeated Carlos Romero Barceló, the incumbent Resident Commissioner. In the summer of 2003, Governor Sila M. Calderón announced she would not seek re-election the following year. José Hernández Mayoral surfaced as the likely party's candidate for Governor for the 2004 elections. Months following the announcement, Hernández Mayoral widthdrew from the race, citing personal matters. Acevedo Vilá filled the vacant candidacy due to the support he received from influential mayors of several Puerto Rican municipalities. Acevedo won the Puerto Rico General Elections of 2004 by approximately 3,800 votes (0.2 percent of the vote) over former-governor Pedro Rosselló. However, since the margin of victory was so small, a full recount of the elections took place. During the period, Rosselló filed a civil law suit against Acevedo Vila himself over a dispute of certain ballots that were cast during the elections. The case moved up to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, where three judges ruled that the case the question of whether the ballots were properly cast or not was a question of state law and therefore should be seen by the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico. The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ruled that the ballots in question were valid. On December 28, 2004 the recount ended and Acevedo was certified as the winner of the elections.

Governor

2004.]] Acevedo assumed the office of Governor on January 2, 2005 and is expected to face many political challenges during his term. This is primarily due to the fact that the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico is controlled by the opposing New Progressive Party (PNP by its acronym in Spanish). Also, the new Resident Commissioner is also member of the PNP, and Acevedo's main political rival, Pedro Rosselló, managed to gain a seat in the Senate of Puerto Rico. Because the executive and the legislative branches of the government are controlled by different political parties, Governor Acevedo Vilá has called his government a "shared government". During the first months of his term, Acevedo concentrated his efforts on trying to reach bi-partisan support for his projects and for the nominees of his Cabinet. However, when Acevedo vetoed a legislative project proposed by the PNP the ideal of a peaceful "shared government" collapsed. Senators and Representatives from the PNP opted to oppose most of the persons nominated by the Governor for the cabinet, among them the Secretaries of State and Education. During the month of May, 2005, confrontations between the executive and the legislative branches reached a new climax when the Puerto Rican Legislature voted to override a veto by Acevedo Vilá. He became the first democratically elected governor to have a veto overridden by the Legislature. Later on the month of June, Acevedo and the Legislature were frequently at odds about the proposed budget of Puerto Rico. The budget proposed by the Governor was not accepted by the leaders of the PNP in the Legislature and, in turn, they proposed a different budget. Acevedo vetoed the proposed budget on August, 2005. Acevedo claimed that his government inherited a difficult financial situation from the previous administration. He anounced that his government was working with a deficit of over 400 million dollars. Because of this, Governor Acevedo has proposed several measures to control the deficit. Among these, are the reduction of the salary of certain government employees and a raise in the value of water and electricity services. This proposed measures have caused the Governor to receive a negative approval rating for the first nine months of his administration. A newspaper in the island published a survey that revealed that over 65% percent of the persons asked graded the Governor's efforts as either a D or an F. Governor Acevedo confronted these national perceptions by saying that his administration is taking the correct measures to fix the fiscal situation of the island.

External links

- [http://www.house.gov/acevedo-vila/ Anibal Acevedo Vila - U.S. House of Representatives website]
- [http://www.ppdpr.net Popular Democratic Party] - in Spanish. Acevedo Vila, Anibal Acevedo Vila, Anibal Category:Members of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico Category:Members of the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico Category:Resident Commissioners of Puerto Rico

2001

:This article is about the year 2001. For information on the movie, see 2001: A Space Odyssey. For the Dr. Dre album, see 2001. 2001 (MMI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. By strict interpretation of the Gregorian Calendar, 2001 is also the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millennium. Popular culture, however, often views the year 2000 as holding this distinction. 2001 is also the year which marks:
- Australia's Centenary of Federation
- The International Year of the Volunteer
- The United Nations Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations See also Wikipedia's almanac of events for this year.

Events

January

January
- January 1 - A black monolith measuring approximately nine feet tall appears in Seattle's Magnuson Park, placed by an anonymous artist in reference to the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey.
- January 6 - The U.S. Congress, presided over by Vice President Al Gore as President of the Senate, certifies George W. Bush's Electoral College victory and thus as the winner of 2000 presidential election.
- January 11 - The Federal Trade Commission approved the merger of AOL and Time Warner to form AOL Time Warner.
- January 13 - Major earthquake with a magnitude of 7.6 hits all El Salvador.
- January 15 - Wikipedia, a Wiki free content encyclopedia, goes online (Wikipedia Day).
- January 20 - George W. Bush succeeds Bill Clinton as President of the United States after prevailing over Al Gore in the disputed U.S. presidential election, 2000.
- January 22 - Four of the "Texas 7" are caught at a convenience store in Woodland Park, Colorado and a fifth killed himself inside a motor home.
- January 23-25 - UN war crimes prosecutor Del Ponte demands that Serbia hand over Slobodan Milošević.
- January 24 - The last two of the "Texas 7" are taken into custody in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
- January 24 - Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Peter Mandelson resigns from the British cabinet for the second time.
- January 26 - A 50-year-old DC-3 crashes near Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela killing 24.
- January 26 - An earthquake hits Gujarat, India. More than 20,000 deaths and most of the historical city is destroyed.
- January 29 - Thousands of student protesters in Indonesia storm parliament and demand that President Abdurrahman Wahid resign due to alleged involvement in corruption scandals.
- January 31 - The Scottish Court in the Netherlands convicts a Libyan and acquits another for their part in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 which crashed in Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988.

February

February hits the UK.]]
- February - Iraq disarmament crisis: British and U.S. forces carry out bombing raids attempting to disable Iraq's air defense network.
- February 5 - Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman announce that they have separated
- February 6 - Likud Party leader Ariel Sharon wins election as Prime Minister of Israel
- February 9 - American submarine USS Greeneville accidentally strikes and sinks Japanese fishing vessel Ehime-Maru.
- February 12 - NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft touchdown in the "saddle" region of 433 Eros becoming the first spacecraft to land on an asteroid.
- February 13 - An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.6 hits El Salvador, killing at least 400
- February 16 - Baghdad suburb bombed by US and UK war planes, 3 people killed.
- February 18 - NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt is killed on the last lap of the Daytona 500 while blocking for his DEI cars driven by his son, Dale Earnhardt Jr., and Michael Waltrip, who won the race.
- February 19 - A Oklahoma City bombing museum is dedicated at the Oklahoma City National Memorial.
- February 20 - FBI agent Robert Hanssen is arrested and charged with spying for Russia for 15 years.
- February 20 - 2001 UK foot and mouth crisis begins.
- February 24-27 - Patient Tony Collins spends 77 hours and 30 minutes on a hospital trolley outside the toilets in the Princess Margaret Hospital, Swindon, United Kingdom
- February 28 - An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.9 hits the Nisqually Valley area of Washington. There was one reported death, an elderly woman who suffered a heart attack.
- February 28 - The Selby rail crash kills ten people.

March

- March 23 - Russian space stations Mir re-enters the atmosphere near Nadi, Fiji, and falls into the Pacific Ocean
- March 24 - Apple Computer's Mac OS X v10.0 is released.
- March 26 - WCW is bought out by WWE.
- March 28 - Tornado [http://www.dallassky.com/fwtornado.htm Dallas Skys] rips through downtown Fort Worth killing five and causing more than 500 million dollars in property damage.
- March 31 - Invader Zim premieres on Nickelodeon.

April

- April 1 - An EP-3E American spyplane collides with a Chinese fighter jet and is forced to make an emergency landing in Hainan, China. The U.S. crew was detained for 10 days and the F-8 Chinese pilot, Wang Wei, went missing and presumed dead.
- April 1 - Former president of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Slobodan Milošević surrenders to police special forces, to be tried on charges of war crimes.
- April 1 - In the Netherlands, the Act on the Opening up of Marriage goes into effect. The Act allows same-sex couples to legally marry for the first time in the world.
- April 27 - Impostor Christopher Rocancourt arrested in Oak Bay, British Columbia
- April 29 - Census of population in the United Kingdom.

May

- May 1 - The Japanese cities of Urawa, Omiya, and Yono merge to form the city of Saitama.
- May 1 - Police declare the disappearance of Chandra Levy. Her remains were discovered a year later.
- May 7 - In Banja Luka, the second largest city in Bosnia, an attempt is made to reconstruct the Ferhadija mosque. However, the ceremony resulted in mass riots by Serb nationalists that beat and stone three hundred elderly Bosnian Muslims.
- May 10 - In Ghana, a stampede at a soccer game kills over 120.
- May 11 - Comedy sci-fi author Douglas Adams of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy fame, dies from a heart attack, aged 49.
- May 16 - John Prescott, the Deputy Prime Minister of United Kingdom, assaults Craig Evans at an election rally in Rhyll, North Wales.
- May 22 - Large trans-Neptunian object 28978 Ixion found during the Deep Ecliptic Survey.
- May 22 and May 23 - Official Opening of the Bahá'í Terraces on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel; site of the Shrine of the Báb and the Bahá'í World Centre.
- May 24 - Sherpa Temba Tsheri becomes the youngest person to conquer Mount Everest.

June

- June 1 - Crown Prince Dipendra of Nepal kills his father, the king, his mother and other members of the royal family with an assault rifle and then shoots himself. He dies June 4. King Gyanendra acceeds to the throne
- June 5-June 9 - Houston, Texas is devastated by flooding when Tropical Storm Allison produces 36 inches (900 mm) of rain. Particularly hard hit are the downtown area and the Texas Medical Center, which lost years of research and data and thousands of lab animals. Twenty-two people die; damage exceeds five billion American dollars.
- June 5 - Senator Jim Jeffords leaves the Republican party, an act which changes control of the United States Senate from the Republican party to the Democratic party
- June 7 - Tony Blair's Labour Party elected for second term in UK General Election
- June 8 - Popular editorial site suck.com, one of the first original content sites on the internet, publishes its final article, "Gone Fishin'."
- June 9 - The Colorado Avalanche win their second Stanley Cup Championship 3-1 in Game 7 over the New Jersey Devils at the Pepsi Center in Denver. This series was highly anticipated as longtime Boston Bruins star traded to become a [Colorado Avalanche|Colorado]] defenseman Ray Bourque wins the Stanley Cup for the first time in his illustrious 22 year NHL career, a few days after the team's victory, Bourque announces his retirement.
- June 11 - The United States executes Timothy James McVeigh for the Oklahoma City Bombing.
- June 19 - 23 people killed and 11 wounded by an American missile hitting a soccer field in northern Iraq, Tel Afr County.
- June 20 - Pervez Musharraf becomes President of Pakistan after the resignation of Rafiq Tarar.
- June 20 - Andrea Yates drowns her children in a bathtub and confesses to her crime. She would get life in prison for it.
- June 21 - Total solar eclipse

July

July.]]
- July 2 - World's first self-contained artificial heart implanted in Robert Tools.
- July 3 - A Vladivostokavia Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner crashes on approach to landing at Irkutsk, Russia killing 145
- July 16 - The FBI arrests Dmitry Sklyarov at a convention in Las Vegas for violating a provision of the DMCA.
- July 18 - In Baltimore, Maryland, a 60-car train derailment occurs in a tunnel sparking a fire that will last days and virtually shut down downtown Baltimore
- July 19 - UK politician and novelist Jeffrey Archer, sentenced to four years in prison for perjury and perverting the course of justice.
- July 20 - Vanessa Legget is found in contempt by a Federal Court for refusing to release notes made for her book on the Doris Angleton murder.
- July 20-22 - The 27th G8 summit takes place in Genoa, Italy. Massive demonstrations against the meeting by anti-globalisation groups. One demonstrator, Carlo Giuliani, is shot dead by a carabiniere and several others are badly injured during an attack by the police on a school which the protesters were using as their headquarters.
- July 24 - Tamil Tigers attack Bandaranaika International Airport in Sri Lanka, causing estimated $500 million of damages
- July 28 - Alejandro Toledo is sworn as the new president of Peru, eight months after the vote of no-confidence of former President Alberto Fujimori.

August

- August 1 - Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Roy Moore has a 2 1/2 ton monument of the Ten Commandments surreptitiously installed in the rotunda of the judiciary building. He would later be sued to have it removed. Later, he would be removed from office.
- August 2 - Robert Mueller confirmed as the new FBI director.
- August 6 - : George W. Bush is informed in his President's Daily Brief that Osama bin Laden is determined to strike targets within the United States and that the FBI believed activity consistent with preparations for hijacking US airplanes was underway.
- August 9 - US President George W. Bush announces his support for federal funding of limited research on embryonic stem cells.
- August 9 - In the Comoros, "military committee" of major Mohamad Bacar seizes power in the island of Anjouan, that had declared independence. They plan to rejoin the Comoros

September

- September 1 - Fundation of the Free State Project.
- September 4 - Google Inc. is awarded a patent, number 6,285,999, for the PageRank search algorithm used in the Google search engine
- September 5 - Peru's attorney general files homicide charges against ex-President Alberto Fujimori
- September 5 - Young Left formed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- September 6 - United States v. Microsoft: The United States Justice Department announces that it was no longer seeking to break-up software maker Microsoft and will instead seek a lesser antitrust penalty
- September 9 - Suicide bomber wounds Ahmed Shah Massoud, military commander of Northern Alliance in Afghanistan. He dies September 14
- September 10 - Norwegian parliamentary election, 2001
- September 11 - Almost 3,000 killed in the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack on the World Trade Center in New York City, The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and rural Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
- September 17 - The New York Stock Exchange reopens following the terrorist attacks in New York.
- September 18 - The 2001 anthrax attacks commence as anthrax letters are mailed from Princeton, New Jersey to ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, the New York Post, and the National Enquirer.

October

- October 2 - Bankruptcy of Swissair.
- October 4 - First case of anthrax in the US (attack) is announced by federal officials.
- October 4 - Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 crashes over the Black Sea en route from Tel Aviv Israel to Novosibirsk Russia - 78 dead.
- October 5 - Tom Ridge resigns as Governor of Pennsylvania to become the first director of the newly created United States Office of Homeland Security.
- October 7 - The American attack on Afghanistan begins. The United Kingdom participates.
- October 8 - MD-87 of SAS collides first with a private plane and then a building in Milano airport - 100 dead
- October 8 - The first comic of Tsunami Channel goes online. It would later go on to be the #1 comic of Keenspace (in terms of page views) until moving to its own server.
- October 9 - The 2001 anthrax attacks continue as anthrax letters are mailed from Princeton, New Jersey to Senators Tom Daschle of South Dakota and Patrick Leahy of Vermont.
- October 10 - War on Terrorism: US President George W. Bush presents a list of 22 most wanted terrorists
- October 12 - War on Terrorism: Prompted by a request by US President George W. Bush, an episode of America's Most Wanted aired featuring 22 most wanted terrorists
- October 15 - NASA's Galileo spacecraft passes within 112 miles of Jupiter's moon Io
- October 19 - SIEV-X sinks en route to Christmas Island
- October 20 - The Concert for New York City, "a celebration of the strength, resilience, and pride of New York and America" is held featuring performances by The Who, Paul McCartney, David Bowie, Billy Joel, Destiny's Child, Eric Clapton, Adam Sandler, Bon Jovi, Elton John and many more.
- October 23 - Apple Computer releases the now famous iPod.
- October 23 - Principal Financial Group files its initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange.
- October 25 - Microsoft releases Windows XP

November

- November - The Doha Declaration relaxes the grip of international intellectual property law by a bit.
- November 4 - Hurricane Michelle hits Cuba destroying crops and thousands of homes.
- November 4 - The Police Service of Northern Ireland is established, replacing the discredited RUC.
- November 7 - Bankruptcy of Belgium's SABENA Airlines.
- November 7 - The super-sonic commercial aircraft Concorde resumes flying after a 15-month break.
- November 10 - China is admitted to the World Trade Organization after 15 years of negotiations.
- November 10 - John Howard, prime minister of Australia, is elected to a third term.
- November 11 - Mark McGwire announces his retirement from professional baseball.
- November 12 - In New York City, American Airlines Flight 587 crashes minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, killing all 260 on-board
- November 12 - 2001 Attack on Afghanistan: Taliban forces abandon Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, ahead of advancing Northern Alliance troops (Northern Alliance fighters took Kabul on November 14)
- November 13 - Doha Round: The World Trade Organization ends a four-day ministerial conference in Doha, Qatar.
- November 13 - Symbionese Liberation Army member Kathleen Soliah (Sara Jane Olsen) withdraws her previous guilty plea.
- November 13 - War on Terrorism: In the first such act since World War II, US President George W. Bush signs an executive order allowing military tribunals against any foreigners suspected of having connections to terrorist acts or planned acts on the United States
- November 22 - Pope John Paul II sends the first papal email from a laptop in his office.
- November 30 - Beatle George Harrison dies after a long battle with cancer

December

- December 2 - Enron files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection five days after Dynegy canceled a US$8.4 billion buyout bid. At the time this was the largest bankruptcy in the history of the United States.
- December 3 - Officials announce that one of the Taliban prisoners captured after the prison uprising at Mazar-e Sharif is John Walker Lindh, an American citizen.
- December 11 - The United States government indicts Zacarias Moussaoui for involvement in the attacks on September 11th.
- December 13 - The Indian Parliament is attacked by terrorists, killing 14 people. This brings India and Pakistan to the brink of war.
- December 13 - U.S. President George W. Bush announces the United States' withdrawal from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
- December 14 - Annular solar eclipse
- December 19 - A new world-record high barometric pressure of 1085.6 hPa (32.06 inHg) was set at Tosontsengel, Hövsgöl Aymag, Mongolia.
- December 19 - Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring was released into theaters.
- December 21 - Japanese television performer Masashi Tashiro got No. 1 temporarily in the Internet vote of Time's Person of the Year.
- December 22 - Hamid Karzai is sworn in as head of the interim government in Afghanistan.
- December 22 - A Paris-Miami flight is diverted to Boston after passenger Richard Reid attempts to light his shoe, filled with explosives, on fire.
- December 27 - The People's Republic of China is granted permanent normal trade status with the United States.
- December 27 - Typhoon Vamei forms within 1.5 degrees of the equator. No other tropical cyclone in recorded history has come as close to the equator.

Births

- June 13 - Scott & Zachary Benes, American actors

Deaths

For more deaths see: Deaths in 2001

January-February

- January 1 - Ray Walston, American actor (b. 1914)
- January 2 - Teri Diver, American actress (b. 1971)
- January 3 - José Greco, Italian-born flamenco dancer (b. 1918)
- January 5 - Nancy Parsons, American actress (b. 1942)
- January 12 - William Hewlett, American businessman (b. 1913)
- January 28 - Curt Blefary, baseball player (b. 1943)
- January 30, Jean-Pierre Aumont, French actor (b. 1911)
- January 30 - Johnnie Johnson, English pilot (b. 1915)
- January 31, Gordon R. Dickson, Canadian writer (b. 1923)
- February 4 - Iannis Xenakis, Greek composer (b. 1922)
- February 7 - Dale Evans, American actress and singer (b. 1912)
- February 7 - Anne Morrow Lindbergh, American author and aviator (b. 1906)
- February 9 - Herbert Simon, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1916)
- February 12 - Kristina Söderbaum, German actress and photographer (b. 1912)
- February 16 - Bob Buhl, baseball player (b. 1928)
- February 18 - Balthus, French painter (b. 1908)
- February 18 - Dale Earnhardt, American race car driver (b. 1951)
- February 19 - Priscilla Davis, American socialite (b. 1942)
- February 19 - Stanley Kramer, American film director (b. 1913)
- February 19 - Charles Trenet, French singer (b. 1913)
- February 24 - Claude Elwood Shannon, American mathematician (b. 1916)
- February 25 - Sir Donald Bradman, Australian cricketer (b. 1908)

March-April

- March 4 - Glenn Hughes, American singer (b. 1950)
- March 4 - Harold Stassen, American politician (b. 1907)
- March 11 - Russ Haas, American professional wrestler (b. 1974)
- March 12 - Morton Downey Jr., American television personality (b. 1933)
- March 12 - Robert Ludlum, American author (b. 1927)
- March 12 - Ann Sothern, American actress (b. 1909)
- March 18 - John Phillips, American singer (b. 1935)
- March 21 - Norma Macmillan, Canadian voice actress (b. 1921)
- March 22 - William Hanna, American animation studio executive
- March 31 - Clifford Shull, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)
- April 7 - David Graf, American actor (b. 1950)
- April 7 - Beatrice Straight, American actress (b. 1914)
- April 10 - Willie Stargell - American baseball player (b. 1940)
- April 11 - Harry Secombe, Welsh entertainer (b. 1921)
- April 12 - Harvey Ball, American designer (b. 1921)
- April 14 - Hiroshi Teshigahara, Japanese director (b. 1927)
- April 15 - Joey Ramone (Jeffrey Hyman), American musician and singer (The Ramones) (b. 1951)
- April 20 - Giuseppe Sinopoli, Italian conductor and composer (b. 1946)

May-June

- May 5 - Clifton Hillegass, American author and creator of Cliff Notes (b. 1918)
- May 9 - James E. Myers, American songwriter (b. 1919)
- May 11 - Douglas Adams, English author (heart attack) (b. 1952)
- May 12 - Perry Como, American singer (b. 1912)
- May 13 - R.K. Narayan, Indian novelist (b. 1906)
- May 20 - Renato Carosone, Italian musician and singer (b. 1920)
- May 27 - Ramon Bieri, American actor (b. 1929)
- May 28 - Francisco Varela, Chilean biologist and philosopher (b. 1946)
- June 1 - Hank Ketcham, American cartoonist (b. 1920)
- June 1 - Queen Aiswarya of Nepal (assassinated (b. 1949)
- June 1 - King Birendra of Nepal (assassinated) (b. 1945)
- June 2 - Imogene Coca, American actress (b. 1908)
- June 2 - Joey Maxim, American boxer (b. 1922)
- June 3 - Anthony Quinn, Mexican actor (b. 1915)
- June 4 - Prince Dipendra of Nepal (b. 1971)
- June 4 - John Hartford, American musician and composer (b. 1937)
- June 10 - Princess Leila of Iran (b. 1970)
- June 11 - Timothy McVeigh, American terrorist (executed) (b. 1968)
- June 17 - Donald J. Cram, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1919)
- June 21 - John Lee Hooker, American musician (b. 1917)
- June 21 - Carroll O'Connor, American actor (b. 1924)
- June 26 - Peter von Zahn, German journalist (b. 1913)
- June 27 - Tove Jansson, Finnish author (b. 1914)
- June 27 - Jack Lemmon, American actor and director (b. 1925)
- June 28 - Mortimer Adler, American philosopher (b. 1902)
- June 28 - Joan Sims, British actress (b. 1930)
- June 30 - Chet Atkins, American musician (b. 1924)

July-August

- July 1 - Nikolay Basov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1922)
- July 5 - Hannelore Kohl, wife of chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl (suicide) (b. 1933)
- July 11 - Herman Brood, Dutch musician and painter (suicide) (b. 1946)
- July 18 - Fabio Taglioni, Italian automotive engineer (b. 1920)
- July 20 - Milt Gabler, American record producer (b. 1911)
- July 27 - Leon Wilkeson, American musician (b. 1952)
- July 29 - Edward Gierek, Polish politician (b. 1913)
- July 29 - Wau Holland, German hacker (b. 1951)
- August 1 - Poul Anderson, American author (b. 1926)
- August 1 - Korey Stringer, American football player (b. 1974)
- August 3 - Christopher Hewett, British actor (b. 1922)
- August 6 - Jorge Amado, Brazilian writer (b. 1912)
- August 15 - Richard Chelimo, Kenyan athlete (b. 1972)
- August 20 - Fred Hoyle, British astronomer and science fiction writer (b. 1915)
- August 25 - Aaliyah, American singer and actress (plane crash) (b. 1979)

September-October

- September 2 - Christiaan Barnard, South African heart surgeon (b. 1922)
- September 3 - Pauline Kael, American film critic (b. 1919)
- September 3 - Thuy Trang, Vietnamese-born actress (b. 1973)
- September 7 - Spede Pasanen, Finnish television personality (b. 1930)
- September 9 - Ahmed Shah Massoud, Afghani military commander (b. 1953)
- September 11 - Casualties of the September 11, 2001 attacks
- September 11 - Barbara K. Olson, American television commentator (b. 1955)
- United States House of Representatives elected by Puerto Ricans every four years. The Commissioner is allowed to serve on U.S. Congressional committees, and functions in every respect as a Representative except for being allowed a vote on the final disposal of legislation (a "floor vote").

List of former Commissioners

Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party, founded in 1792, is the longest-standing political party in the world. It is one of the two major parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Currently it is the minority party in the United States Senate and the House of Representatives. Democrats control 20 state legislatures, as do the Republicans (nine states have different parties in control of the upper and lower chambers, while Nebraska's unicameral legislature is elected on a nonpartisan basis). In 2005, the Democrats regained a majority of legislative seats nationwide. Of the two major U.S. parties, the Democratic Party is to the left of the Republican Party, though its politics are not as consistently leftist as the traditional social democratic and labor parties in much of the world. The Democratic Party is more notably factional than many major parties in the industrialized world, partly because American political parties in general do not have as much official power to control members as political parties in many other countries, and partly because the United States does not have a parliamentary goverment.

History

Beginnings

labor-1837).]] The Democratic Party's origins lie in the original Republican Party founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792. Today, that party is usually referred to as the "Democratic-Republican Party" to avoid confusion. After the disintegration of the Federalist Party, the Democratic-Republicans were the only major party in American politics. For 20 years, different factions of the party contended for the presidency, whose candidates were nominated by congressional caucuses. In 1824, a particularly bitter election was thrown to the House of Representatives, and won by John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay. Jackson, recovering from his defeat, gathered together prominent leaders, including Martin Van Buren of New York and even Vice President John C. Calhoun to support his next bid for the presidency. By the election of 1828, the unified party broke into two. One became the National Republican Party, and backed the incumbent President, and the other, which became known as the Democratic Party, after their insistence that the President hold a national mandate from the people, backed Andrew Jackson. The National Republican faction became the Whig Party (after their opposition to "King Andrew"), which would disintegrate in the 1850s when dissident Whigs and Northern Democrats formed the Republican Party.

Antebellum

Initially the Democratic Party was a coalition between Western pioneers in the Ohio River valley and Illinois - the "North West" of the U.S. at that time - and Southern planters and agrarians from the Jeffersonian coalition. This coalition was very similar to the one that Jefferson and Madison had worked to create, and lead to the belief that Jackson, and not John Quincy Adams, represented a continuous "Jeffersonian" tradition. This was in opposition to the Federalist and Hamiltonian conception of government which Adams was said to represent. The key issues were election access and the Bank of the United States. The Jeffersonians had opposed the first bank, but had allowed it to continue for 20 years of their time in power. The issue of the Bank, and tariffs would be the central domestic policy issue from 1828 to 1850, even though it was increasingly overshadowed by expansion and nativism in the run up to the Civil War. The Democratic Party would lose the presidency to William Henry Harrison, only to gain it back when his Vice President took office, and proceeded to enact many policies the party favored. James Polk would solidify the party's hold on power with a coalition that was increasingly based on holding a solid South and taking enough states in the North to win national power. The party also became increasingly associated with continuation of slavery, including pressing for more and more aggressive laws to enforce the recapture of enslaved individuals who had escaped, and for more of the Great Plains to be opened to slavery. This ran into the Missouri Compromise, which had set a free line, north of which slavery would be prohibited, in return for keeping a balance of power in the Senate. With the disintegration of the Whig Party in 1856 into two factions, the American Party of Millard Fillmore and the Republican Party whose first candidate was John Fremont, it seemed as if the Democratic Party would have a permanent dominance of political power.

Civil War and Reconstruction

In the 1850s, following the disintegration of the Whig Party, the Democratic Party became increasingly divided, with its Southern wing staunchly advocating the expansion of slavery into new territories, in opposition to the newly founded Republican Party, which sought to prohibit such expansion. Democrats in the Northern states joined the Republicans in opposing the expansion of slavery, and at the 1860 nominating convention the Party split and nominated two candidates (see U.S. presidential election, 1860). As a result, the Democrats went down to defeat with the election of Republican Abraham Lincoln, a link in the chain of events leading up to the Civil War. During the war, Northern Democrats divided into two factions, War Democrats, who supported the military policies of President Abraham Lincoln, and Copperheads, who strongly opposed them. After 1864, the Democratic Party's main opposition has come from the modern Republican Party. The Democrats were shattered by the war but nevertheless benefited from white Southerners' resentment of Reconstruction and consequent hostility to the Republican Party. Once Reconstruction ended, and the disenfranchisement of blacks was re-established, the region was known as the "Solid South" for nearly a century because it reliably voted Democratic and there was, in many places, effectively only one party, there being no significant Republican presence. Though Republicans continued to control the White House until 1885, the Democrats remained competitive, especially in the mid-Atlantic and lower Midwest, and controlled the House of Representatives for most of that period. In the election of 1884, Grover Cleveland, the reforming Democratic Governor of New York, won the Presidency, a feat he repeated in 1892, having lost (but won the popular vote) in the election of 1888 (as had Samuel J. Tilden in the election of 1876).

Populism and Republican dominance

In the presidential election of 1896, widely regarded as a political realignment, Democrats favoring Free Silver defeated their conservative counterparts and succeeded in nominating William Jennings Bryan for the presidency (as did the agrarian Populist Party). Bryan, perhaps best known for his "Cross of Gold" speech delivered at the 1896 convention, waged a vigorous campaign attacking Eastern monied interests, but lost to Republican William McKinley in an election which was to prove decisive: the Republicans controlled the presidency for 28 of the following 36 years.

The New Deal

William McKinley The stock market crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression set the stage for a more progressive government and Franklin D. Roosevelt won a landslide victory in the election of 1932, campaigning on a platform of "Relief, Recovery, and Reform". This came to be termed "The New Deal" after a phrase in his acceptance speech. The Democrats also swept to large majorities in both houses of Congress, and among state Governors. Roosevelt altered the nature of the Party, away from laissez-faire capitalism, and towards an ideology of economic regulation and insurance against hardship. After winning re-election in 1936, Roosevelt embarked on an ambitious legislative program that came to be called "The Second New Deal." He was stymied, however, by an alliance of Republicans and conservative Democrats, as well as by the Supreme Court. Frustrated by the conservative wing of his own party, Roosevelt made an attempt to rid himself of it; in 1938, he actively campaigned against five incumbent conservative Democratic senators, and to appoint more justices to the Court. However, Roosevelt's attempt to chastise the conservatives failed when all five senators won re-election despite Roosevelt's efforts, and his attempts to add justices to the Court became derisively known as "Court Packing". Roosevelt's New Deal programs focused on job creation through public works projects as well as on social welfare programs such as Social Security. It also included sweeping reforms to the banking system, work regulation, transportation, communications, stock markets and attempts to regulate prices. His policies soon paid off by uniting a diverse coalition of Democratic voters called the New Deal Coalition, which included labor unions, minorities (most significantly, Catholics and Jews), and liberals. This united voter base allowed Democrats to be elected to Congress and the presidency for much of the next 30 years. Under Roosevelt, the Democratic Party became identified more closely with modern liberalism, which included the promotion of social welfare, civil rights, and regulation of the economy.

Civil Rights Movement

In 1924 at the Democratic National Convention, a resolution denouncing the white-supremacist Ku Klux Klan was introduced. After much debate, the resolution failed by just a single vote. This resolution later passed during the 1948 Democratic National Convention as part of a larger resolution endorsing civil rights. civil rights when he signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964.]] The New Deal Coalition began to fracture as more Democratic leaders voiced support for civil rights, upsetting the party's traditional base of conservative Southern Democrats. After Harry Truman's platform showed support for civil rights and anti-segregation laws during the 1948 Democratic National Convention, many Southern Democratic delegates decided to split from the Party and formed the "Dixiecrats", led by South Carolina governor Strom Thurmond. Over the next few years, many conservative Democrats in the "Solid South" drifted away from the party. On the other hand, African Americans, who had traditionally given strong support to the Republican Party since its inception as the "anti-slavery party", shifted to the Democratic Party due to its New Deal economic policies. The national party's dramatic reversal on civil rights issues culminated when Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Meanwhile, the Republicans were beginning their Southern strategy, which aimed to solidify the Republican Party's electoral hold over conservative white Southerners. Southern Democrats took notice of the fact that 1964 Republican Presidential candidate Barry Goldwater had voted against the Civil Rights Act on states rights grounds, and in the presidential election of 1964, Goldwater's only electoral victories outside his home state of Arizona were in the states of the Deep South. The degree to which the Southern Democrats had abandoned the party became evident in the 1968 Presidential election when every former Confederate state except Texas voted for either Republican Richard Nixon or independent George Wallace, the latter a former Southern Democrat. Defeated Democrat Hubert Humphrey's electoral votes came mainly from the Northern states, marking a dramatic shift from the 1948 election 20 years earlier, when the losing Republican candidate's electoral votes were mainly concentrated in the Northern states.

1970s

In 1972, the Democrats nominated South Dakota Senator George McGovern as the Party's presidential candidate on a platform which advocated, among other things, U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam and a guaranteed minimum income for all Americans. McGovern was defeated in a landslide by incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon, the former winning only Massachusetts and Washington, D.C. By 1976, however, things had changed dramatically. Nixon, under criticism during the Watergate scandal, resigned from the presidency in 1974. Prior to that, his Vice President, Spiro Agnew had been forced out by a separate scandal. After Agnew resigned, Nixon appointed Gerald Ford, a Republican Representative from Michigan as Agnew's replacement. Thus, when Nixon resigned, Ford became the first President in the nation's history to have been neither elected President nor Vice President. Ford soon pardoned Nixon. Mistrust of the administration, complicated by a combination of economic recession and inflation, sometimes called "stagflation," led to Ford's defeat in 1976 to Jimmy Carter, a former Governor of Georgia. In 1980, Carter lost to Ronald Reagan after serving one term in office.

1980s

Instrumental in the election of Republican President Ronald Reagan in 1980, were Democrats who supported many conservative policies. The "Reagan Democrats" were Democrats before the Reagan years, and afterwards, but they voted for Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984 (and for George H. W. Bush in 1988), producing their landslide victories. They were mostly white ethnics in the Northeast who were attracted to Reagan's social conservatism on issues such as abortion, and to his strong foreign policy. They did not continue to vote Republican in 1992 or 1996, so the term fell into disuse except as a reference to the 1980s. The term is not used to describe southern whites who became permanent Republicans in presidential elections. Stanley Greenberg, a Democratic pollster analyzed white ethnic voters, largely unionized auto workers, in suburban Macomb County, Michigan, just north of Detroit. The county voted 63 percent for Kennedy in 1960 and 66 percent for Reagan in 1984. He concluded that Reagan Democrats no longer saw Democrats as champions of their middle class aspirations, but instead saw it as being a party working primarily for the benefit of others, especially African Americans and the very poor. Bill Clinton targeted the Reagan Democrats with considerable success in 1992 and 1996. The failure to hold the Reagan Democrats and the white South led to the final collapse of the New Deal coalition. Reagan carried 49 states against former Vice President and Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale, a New Deal stalwart, in 1984. Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis, running not as a New Dealer but as an efficiency expert in public adminsitration, lost by a landslide in 1988 to Vice President George H. W. Bush. In response to these landslide defeats, the Democratic Leadership Council was created. It worked to move the Party rightwards to the ideological center. With the Party retaining left-of-center supporters as well as supporters holding moderate or conservative views on some issues, the Democrats became generally a catch all party with widespread appeal to most opponents of the Republicans.

1990s

catch all party In 1992, for the first time in 12 years, the United States elected a Democrat to the White House. They seemingly revived themselves only to lose both the House and Senate in the mid-year 1994 elections. While President Bill Clinton claimed and got credit for a balanced federal budget and welfare reform, congressional Republicans won on policy throughout the 1990’s. Clinton for example vetoed two welfare reform bills before signing the third, largely the same, right before the 1996 presidential elections. Labor unions, which had been steadily losing membership since the 1960s, found they had also lost political clout inside the Democratic Party: Clinton enacted the NAFTA free trade agreement with Canada and Mexico over the strong objection of these labor unions, much to the disappointment of those on the left of the Party. When the DLC attempted to move the Democratic agenda in favor of more centrist positions, prominent Democrats from both the centrist and conservative factions (such as Terry McAuliffe) assumed leadership of the party and its direction. Some liberals and progressives felt alienated by the Democratic Party, which they felt had become unconcerned with the interests of the common people and left-wing issues in general. Some Democrats challenged the validity of such critiques, citing the Democratic role in pushing for progressive reforms.

21st century

During the 2000 Presidential election, the Democrats chose Vice President Al Gore to be the Party's candidate for the presidency. Although Gore and George W. Bush, the Republican candidate, clearly disagreed on issues such as abortion, gun control, environmentalism, gay rights, foreign policy, public education, trade unionism, alternative fuel research, global warming, judicial appointments, and affirmative action, some critics -- Green Party presidential candidate Ralph Nader in particular -- asserted that Bush and Gore were too similar because they held the same views on free trade and reductions in government-funded social welfare. On election day, Gore won the popular vote by just over 500,000 votes, but lost in the electoral college by four votes. Some election observers blamed Nader's third-party candidacy for Gore's defeat. They pointed to the states of New Hampshire (4 electoral votes) and Florida (25 electoral votes), where Nader's total votes exceeded Governor Bush's margin of victory. In Florida, Nader received 97,000 votes; Bush defeated Gore by a mere 538. Winning either Florida or New Hampshire would have given Gore enough electoral votes to win the presidency. Florida by 538 votes in Florida in one of the most controversial elections, although he won the national popular vote.]] Republican Senators went from the majority in the 106th Congress to a split minority in the 107th Congress (with a Republican Vice President breaking a tie). However, when liberal Republican Sen. Jim Jeffords (Vermont) changed his party affiliation to unaffiliated and chose to quorum with the Democrats, majoritarian status went to the Democrats but they lost it again in 2002. In the aftermath of the September 11th attacks, the nation's focus was changed to issues of national security. All but one Democrat voted with their Republican counterparts to authorize President Bush's 2001 invasion of Afghanistan. Senatorial Democratic leader Tom Daschle pushed for his party to approve the USA PATRIOT Act and the invasion of Iraq. The Democrats were split over the 2003 invasion of Iraq and increasingly expressed concerns about both the justification and progress of the War on Terrorism and the domestic effects including threats to civil rights and civil liberties from the USA PATRIOT Act. In the wake of the financial fraud scandal of Enron and other corporations, Congressional Democrats were integral in pushing for and developing a legal overhaul of business accounting with the intention of preventing further accounting fraud. With job losses and bankruptcies across regions and industries increasing in 2001 and 2002, the Democrats generally campaigned on the issue of economic recovery. The Democrats began fielding Presidential candidates as early as December 2002, when Gore announced he would not run again in 2004. Ex-Governor Howard Dean of Vermont, an opponent of the war and a critic of the Democratic establishment, was the frontrunner leading into the Democratic primaries. Dean had immense grassroots support, especially from the left wing of the Party. John Kerry, a much more centrist figure, was nominated because he was seen as more "electable" than Dean. In the time from 2003 to 2004, layoffs of American workers occurring in various industries due to outsourcing, some Democrats (including Howard Dean and Senatorial candidate Erskine Bowles of North Carolina) began to refine their positions on free trade and some even questioned their past support for it. By 2004, the failure of George W. Bush's administration to find weapons of mass destruction, mounting combat casualties and fatalities in Iraq, and the lack of any end point for the War on Terror were frequently debated issues in the election. That year, Democrats generally campaigned on surmounting the jobless recovery, exiting Iraq, and counterterrorism. jobless recovery Despite strong campaigning, the Republican Party won across the board. Kerry lost both the popular and electoral vote. Republicans gained four seats in the Senate and three seats in the House of Representatives. Also, for the first time since Barry Goldwater of Arizona won his first election to the Senate, the Democratic leader of the Senate lost re-election. In the end there were 3,660 Democratic state legislators across the nation to the Republicans' 3,557, and Democrats had gained governorships in Louisiana, New Hampshire and Montana. However, the Democrats lost the governorship of Missouri and a legislative majority in Georgia - which had once been a Democratic stronghold since Reconstruction. The most common hypothesis for why the Democrats lost was that the Republicans ran in opposition to gay rights and used state ballot initiatives against same-sex marriage to attract more so-called "values voters" to the polls.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29#ref_4] Other hypothesis include that the Democrats had been tagged with too negative of a public image [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29#ref_3] and that the Democrats failed to clearly articulate its true values, goals and issue positions.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29#ref_2] Flaws in the electoral systems in Ohio and Florida led some to speculate the validity of the results (Bush received a majority of votes in both states); these controversies led Sen. Barbara Boxer of California and several Democratic U.S. Representatives (including John Conyers of Michigan) to force a Congressional debate on the issue when the 109th Congress first convened and propose disapproving the election results, a proposal that the neither House approved. (See 2004 U.S. presidential election controversy and irregularities.) Since then, many Democrats have voiced serious concern about the future of their party. Prominent Democrats began to rethink the party's direction, and a variety of strategies for moving forward were voiced. Some have suggested moving towards the right to regain seats in the House and Senate and possibly win the presidency in 2008. Others suggested that the party move more to the left and become a stronger opposition party. These debates were reflected in the 2005 campaign for Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, which Howard Dean won over the objections of many party insiders. Dean sought to move the Democratic strategy away from the establishment, and bolster support for the party's state and local chapters.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29#ref_6] When the 109th Congress convened, Democratic Senators chose Harry Reid of Nevada as their Minority Leader and Richard Durbin of Illinois to replace Reid as their Assistant Minority Leader. Reid convinced the Democratic Senators to vote more as a bloc on important issues, something which forced the Republicans to abandon their push for privatization of Social Security and instatement of the "nuclear option" to end judicial filibuster. The Senate did not vote on either proposal.

Factions

Centrists

Centrist Democrats identify with centrism and compromise. Though centrist Democrats differ on a variety of issues, they typically foster a mix of political views and ideas. Compared to other Democratic factions, they're mostly more supportive of the use of military force, and are more willing to end or reduce government sponsored initiatives, as indicated by their support for welfare reform and tax cuts. Prominent centrist Democrats in recent times have included former Arkansas governor and U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton, former First Lady/U.S. Sen. Hillary Clinton (New York), former U.S. Vice Pres. Al Gore (Tennessee), Gov. Tom Vilsack (Iowa), Gov. Mark Warner (Virginia), U.S. Sens. Joe Biden (Delaware), Joe Lieberman (Connecticut), Harry Reid (Nevada), and former U.S. Sen. John Edwards (North Carolina). This faction of Democrats are also affiliated with the Democratic Leadership Council and are usually referred to as New Democrats.

Progressives

Many progressives are descendants of the New Left of Democratic Presidential candidate/Senator George McGovern of South Dakota; others were involved in the presidential candidacies of Howard Dean and U.S. Rep. Dennis Kucinich of Ohio. Progressive Democratic candidates for public office have had popular support as candidates in urban areas, the Northeast, the Midwest, and among African-Americans nationwide, though they have also been supported by other groups. Unifying issues among progressive Democrats have been opposition to the invasion and occupation of Iraq, opposition to economic and social conservatism, support for universal healthcare and steering the Democratic Party in the direction of being a more forceful opposition party. Compared to other factions of the party, they've been most critical of the Republican Party, and most supportive of social and economic equality. Progressive Democrats have included Kucinich, Congressman John Conyers (Michigan), Congressman/civil rights activist John Lewis (Georgia), and late U.S. Sen. Paul Wellstone (Minnesota).

Labor

One of the most important parts of the Democratic Party coalition is the labor vote. They supply a great deal of the money, grass roots political organization and base of support for the party. While Union membership has fallen over the last four decades, the labor union component of the party is still very important. The Union vote tends to be more protectionist than centrists in the party. The labor wing is concerned with issues such as the minimum wage, as well as protection of pensions, collective bargaining and access to health insurance. Prominent members of this wing include Andy Stern of SEIU. Other important union organizations in the Democratic coalition include AFSCME, UAW, and the AFL-CIO. Most of the members in this faction tend to identify more with the progressive faction of the party.

Liberals

Liberal Democrats are to the left of centrist Democrats. The liberal faction was dominant in the party for several decades, until centrist forces asserted primary control. Compared to conservatives and moderates, liberal Democrats generally have advocated fair trade and other less conservative economic policies, and a less militaristic foreign policy, and have a reputation of being more forceful in pushing for civil liberties. Liberals are increasingly identified as being part of the larger progressive wing of the party. Prominent liberal Democrats include U.S. Sens. Russ Feingold (Wisconsin), Ted Kennedy (Massachusetts) and Tom Harkin (Iowa) and House Minority leader Nancy Pelosi (California).

Conservatives

The Democratic Party was once a very conservative party, with a very influential Southern wing, though this changed as conservatives started to join the Republican Party. Many on the conservative wing of the party were referred to by terms such as "yellow dog Democrats", "boll weevils", "Dixiecrats", and "Reagan Democrats". Conservatives who left the party were known to make candidacies against Democrats who desired ethnic integration; some went as far as to establish third parties in order to run against other Democrats in general elections. Eventually, most of the once large conservative faction switched to the Republican Party as it became more conservative in the late 60s and 70s. There remains, however, a viable conservative wing of the Democratic Party, one which was mostly southern. These Democrats have consisted typically of moderate conservatives who feel the Republican Party does not share the values they hold most important; these mostly include conservatives who disagree with the Republican Party's conservative views on trade, taxes and civil rights, who are critical of the policies and actions of the administration of George W. Bush, and who identify with the populism of past Democratic icons. Prominent conservative Democrats of recent time include U.S. Senators Ben Nelson (Nebraska) and Mary Landrieu (Louisiana) and Congressmen Ike Skelton (Missouri), Gene Taylor (Mississippi), Colin Peterson (Minnesota), and Jim Marshall (Georgia).

Notable groups

There are several ideological groups within the modern-day Democratic Party. As the party is made up of several groups with different ideologies, several sub-groups within the party have been set up to promote the ideologies each respective group holds. Although some of these factions do not have official organizations representing them, they are often well-represented within the party. African Americans have voted consistently for Democratic Party candidates in the 85 to 90% range, and as such can be considered a faction in the party. Democratic African American leadership coalesces around the Congressional Black Caucus and civil rights activists and is generally considered liberal in outlook. Senator Barack Obama, the Reverend Jesse Jackson, and Congressman John Conyers are prominent leaders of this faction. The Democracy for America (DFA) political action committee generally supports fiscally responsible and socially progressive candidates at all levels of government. It was founded by ex-Vermont Governor and current Democratic Party Chairman Howard Dean during his presidential campaign; its current Chairman is James H. Dean, Howard Dean's brother. The DFA fights against the influence of the far-right on American politics and works to rebuild the Democratic Party "from the bottom up". One of the most influential factions is the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), an influential non-profit organization that advocates centrist positions for the party. Members often self-identify under the word "New Democrat". Centrist party leaders founded the DLC in response to the landslide victory of Republican candidate Ronald Reagan over Democratic candidate Walter Mondale during the 1984 presidential election, believing the Democratic Party needed to reform its political philosophy if it was to ever retake the White House, a goal which had eluded the party since the 1976 election of Jimmy Carter. The DLC hails President Bill Clinton as proof of the viability of third way politicians and a DLC success story. However, critics contend that the DLC is effectively a powerful, corporate-financed mouthpiece within the Democratic Party that acts to keep Democratic Party candidates and platforms sympathetic to corporate interests and the interests of the wealthy. During the 20th century, this included the interests of finance capital with the involvement of the U.S. political families of Kennedy, Rockefeller and Roosevelt. The DLC was founded and continues to be led by Al From. Governor Tom Vilsack of Iowa is the current chairman. The 21st Century Democrats is a political organization active since 2000 in assisting candidates it describes as "progressive" or "populist" in winning elections. Its strategy puts emphasis on training large numbers of organizers to work at the grassroots level and targeting specific campaigns it sees as important. It has strong ties to veterans of campaigns for the late Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone. The Congressional Progressive Caucus or CPC is a caucus of progressive Democrats, along with one independent, in the U.S. Congress. It is the single largest Democratic caucus in the House of Representatives, although it currently has no members from the Senate. Well-known members include Rep. Dennis Kucinich (D-OH), Rep. John Lewis (D-GA), Rep. Barbara Lee (D-CA), and Rep. Bernie Sanders (I-VT). The CPC advocates universal health care, fair trade agreements, living wage laws, the right of all workers to organize into trade unions and engage in strike actions and collective bargaining, the abolition of significant portions of the USA PATRIOT Act, the formation of a Department of Peace, the legalization of gay marriage, strict campaign finance reform laws, a complete pullout from the war in Iraq, a crackdown on corporate crime and what they see as corporate welfare, an increase in income tax on the wealthy, tax cuts for the poor, and an increase in welfare spending by the federal government. [http://bernie.house.gov/pc/issues.asp] [http://www.house.gov/lee/CongressionalProgressiveCaucus/] As a key source of political contributions, volunteers, and field organizing expertise, Organized Labor holds significant sway in the Democratic Party. Former House Minority Leader Dick Gephardt was a leading supporter of labor in Congress. Trade unions have often been a considerable source of support for the party, and several elections were lost when the Democratic candidates were viewed as less than sufficiently supportive of their interests. Civil libertarians also often support the Democratic Party because its positions on such issues as civil rights and separation of church and state are more closely aligned to their own than the positions of the Republican Party, and because the Democrats' economic agenda may be more appealing to them than that of the Libertarian Party. They oppose the "War on Drugs," protectionism, corporate welfare, immigration restrictions, governmental borrowing, and an interventionist foreign policy. The Democratic Freedom Caucus is an organised group of this faction. The Blue Dog Democrats are a congressional caucus of fiscal and social conservatives and moderates, primarily southerners, willing to broker compromises with the Republican leadership. They have acted as a unified voting bloc in the past, giving its thirty members some ability to change legislation. The name appears to be both a reference to several well-known Louisiana paintings featuring blue dogs, as well as a reference to the old "yellow dog" Democrats having been "choked blue." Traditionally, the color blue has been associated with conservative ideals, contributing to the caucus' name. The Progressive Democrats of America lends itself to the progressive ideology within the party. Founded by members of Dennis Kucinich's 2004 presidential campaign, it does not hold much sway in the Democratic Party, being considered more radically liberal than other factions.

Issues

The principles and values of any political party are difficult to define and apply generally to all members of the party. Some members may disagree with one or more plank of their party's platform. On the budget, the Democrats in the 2004 platform swore to halve the yearly federal budget deficit by 2009. They stated that they seek "a Constitutional version of the line-item veto to make it easier to root out pork-barrel spending." On a major issue affecting civil liberties, the USA PATRIOT Act, the Democratic agenda is to "change the portions of the Patriot Act that threaten individual rights, such as the library provisions." They further explained in their platform, "Our government should never round up innocent people only because of their religion or ethnicity, and we should never stifle free expression." The party is against racial profiling in the war against terror. On crime, Democrats place more focus on methods of prevention of crime rather than on what penalties are applied to crimes. They emphasize improved community policing and more on-duty police officers in order to help accomplish that. Their platforms for 2000 and 2004 also cite crackdowns on gangs and drug trafficking as preventive methods. The 2004 platform also calls for rehabilitation for prisoners, in order to "reintegrate former prisoners into our communities as productive citizens." Their platforms have also particularly addressed the issue of domestic violence, calling for strict penalties for offenders and protections for victims. On equality and nondiscrimination, citing that "a day's work is worth a day's pay," and that on average a woman continues to earn 77% of what a man does, the Democrats call for laws for equal pay. The Democrats wish to uphold the Americans with Disabilities Act to prohibit discrimination against people on the basis of physical or mental disability. The Democrats cite affirmative action as a method with which to redress past discrimination and to ensure equitable employment regardless of ethnicity or gender. On gay marriage, many Democrats have publicly supported civil unions or same sex marriage, but it is not yet an official position of the party as a whole, or any of the members of the party leadership in Congress. The legal standing of gay marriage is a subject of debate within the Democratic Party. In the campaigns for the Party candidacy for the 2004 presidential election, candidates were divided, with John Kerry supporting civil unions while Howard Dean supported same-sex marriage. Most Democrats support the continued legalization of same-sex marriage and/or unions and progress in their nationwide acceptance. Many Democrats consider gay marriage to be a civil right of Americans. On health care, Democrats typically call for "affordable health care," and many advocate an expansion of government funding in this area. In their 2004 platform, the Democrats affirmed the pursuit of federally funded zygotic stem-cell "research under the strictest ethical guidelines, but we will not walk away from the chance to save lives and reduce human suffering." On abortion, the Democrats believe that privacy is a constitutional right. Thus as a matter of privacy and gender equality, women should be allowed to control their fertility and pregnancy, including access to abortion, legalized under Roe v. Wade. Often supporters refer to a "right to choose," without a direct reference to abortion. Many Democratic politicians include in this right practical access to abortion through government subsidies. The party's proposal (in 2000 and 2004) for public policy on termination of pregnancy is for abortion to be "safe, legal and rare" - namely, keeping it legal by rejecting laws that include governmental interference in any individual matter, and reducing the number performed by promoting both knowledge of reproduction and incentives for adoption. On gun control, the Democratic Party has introduced various gun control measures over the last 100 years. Most notable of these is the National Firearms Act of 1934 (signed into law by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt), the 1939 Gun Control Act (also signed into law by FDR), the 1968 Gun Control Act (introduced by Senator Dodd and heavily endorsed by Senator Edward Kennedy), the Brady law of 1993 (signed by President Bill Clinton), and the Crime Control Act of 1994 (also signed by Bill Clinton). However, many Democrats, particularly rural Democrats and especially southern and western Democrats, have dissented and favored more freedom to possess firearms. In the national platform for 2004, the only statement explicitly favoring gun control was a plank calling for renewal of the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban .

Symbols

1951

1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar.

Events

January-February

- January 9 - United Nations headquarters officially opens (New York City).
- January 15 - Ilse Koch, The "Witch of Buchenwald," wife of the Commandant of the Buchenwald concentration camp, is sentenced to life imprisonment in a court in West Germany.
- January 17 - Korean War: Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul.
- January 20 - Avalanches in the Alps - 240 die and 45.000 are buried for a time in Switzerland, Austria and Italy
- January 27 - Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site begins with a one-kiloton bomb dropped on Frenchman Flats, northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada.
- February 1 - United Nations General Assembly declares that China is the aggressor in the Korean War
- February 4-8 - Surgeons remove an ovarian cyst from Gertrude Levandowski in 96-hour long operation in Chicago, Illinois. She loses almost half of her weight and emerges weighing 140 kg / 308 lbs
- February 6 - A Pennsylvania Railroad passenger train derails near Woodbridge Township, New Jersey. The accident kills 85 people and injures over 500 more; one of the worst rail disasters in American history.
- February 12 - Marriage of Muhammad Reza Shah to Soraya Esfandiary Bakhtiari
- February 19- Jean Lee becomes the last woman hanged in Australia, when Lee and her two pimps are hanged for the murder and tourture of a 73 year old bookmaker.
- February 27 - The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, limiting Presidents to two terms, is ratified.

March-April

- March 1 - Japanese cities Uji, Kyoto and Muroto, Kochi are founded.
- March 6 - The trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg begins.
- March 7 - Korean War: Operation Ripper - In Korea, United Nations troops led by General Matthew Ridgeway begin an assault against the Chinese "volunteers".
- March 12 - The Dennis the Menace comic strip appears in newspapers across the U.S. for the first time.
- March 14 - Korean War: For the second time, United Nations troops recapture Seoul.
- March 14 - West Germany joins UNESCO
- March 29 - Red Scare: Ethel and Julius Rosenberg are convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage. On April 5 they are sentenced to receive the death penalty.
- March 30 - Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer to the United States Census Bureau.
- April 1 - Australia, New Zealand, United States security treaty signed in San Francisco.
- April 1 - Female suffrage in Greece
- April 11 - Stone of Scone found in Scottish church
- April 18 - Treaty of Paris (1951) adopted, establishing European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC); see EU.
- April 21 - The National Olympic Committee of the USSR is formed
- April 28 - Robert Menzies' Liberal Party government in Australia is re-elected for a second term.

May-July

- May 1 - Opera house of Geneva, Switzerland almost destroyed in a fire
- May 3 - London's Royal Festival Hall opens.
- May 3 - The U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services and U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations begin their closed door hearings into the dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur by U.S. President Harry S. Truman.
- May 14 - First volunteer-run passenger trains on Talyllyn Railway, Wales.
- May 15 - Military coup in Bolivia
- June 14 - UNIVAC I is dedicated by U.S. Census Bureau.[http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/industry/06/14/computing.anniversary/]
- June 15 - July 1- In New Mexico, Arizona, California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, thousands of acres (several km²) of forests were destroyed in fires.
- July 5 - William Shockley invents the junction transistor.
- July 10 - Korean War: At Kaesong, armistice negotiations begin.
- July 13 - The Great Flood of 1951 reaches it's highest point in Northeast Kansas, culminating in the greatest flood damage to date in the Midwestern United States.
- July 14 - In Joplin, Missouri, George Washington Carver National Monument becomes the first United States National Monument in honor of an African American.
- July 16 - King Léopold III of Belgium signs the act of abdication in favour of his son Baudouin.
- July 17 - Baudouin takes the oath as king of Belgium, after his father abdicated the day before.
- July 20 - King Abdullah I of Jordan is assassinated while attending Friday prayers in Jerusalem.

September-October

- September 1 - The United States, Australia and New Zealand all sign a mutual defense pact, called the ANZUS Treaty (for "Australia, New Zealand, United States").
- September 8 - Treaty of San Francisco: In San Francisco, California, 48 nations sign a peace treaty with Japan in formal recognition of the end of the Pacific War.
- September 10 - The United Kingdom begins an economic boycott of Iran.
- September 20 - NATO accepts Greece and Turkey as members
- September 26-28 - Blue sun seen over Europe; effect is due to ash coming from the Canadian forest fires four months previously
- October 3 - "Shot Heard 'Round the World" One of the greatest moments in Major League Baseball history occurs when the New York Giants Bobby Thomson hits a game winning home run in the bottom of the ninth inning off of the Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca, to win the National League pennant after being down 14 games.
- October 7 - Malayan Emergency - communist insurgents kill British commander Sir Henry Gurney
- October 16 - Assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan, president of Pakistan
- October 21 - Storm in southern Italy - over 100 dead
- October 26 - Winston Churchill re-elected British Prime Minister; his foreign minister is Anthony Eden
- October 27 - Farouk of Egypt declares himself also as a king of Sudan - no support

November-December

- November 1 - First military exercises for nuclear war, with infantry troops included, in the Nevada desert
- November 11 - Juan Peron re-elected president of Argentina
- November 20 - Po river floods in northern Italy
- November 10 - Direct dial coast-to-coast telephone service begins in the United States.
- November 24 - The Broadway play Gigi opens starring little known actress Audrey Hepburn playing the lead character.
- December 6 - State of emergency in Egypt due to increasing riots
- December 13 - Water storage tank collapses in Tucumcari, New Mexico - 4 dead, 200 buildings destroyed
- December 16 - Salar Jung Museum is opened to the public by the Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru.
- December 24 - Libya becomes independent from Italy

Undated

- A fourth, and final, forest fire starts in the Tillamook Burn; but unlike earlier fires this one only burns 32,700 acres (132 km²), and within area already affected by the earlier fires.
- IBM United Kingdom formed
- 1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute lasts for 151 days

Births

January-March

- January 6 - Kim Wilson, American singer and harmonica player
- January 8 - Kenny Anthony, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia
- January 12 - Kirstie Alley, American actress
- January 12 - Rush Limbaugh, American radio personality
- January 30 - Phil Collins, English musician
- February 14 - Kevin Keegan, English footballer and football manager
- February 15 - Melissa Manchester, American singer
- February 15 - Jane Seymour, English actress
- February 18 - Dale Earnhardt, American racing car driver (d. 2001)
- February 19 - Tahir-ul-Qadri, Islamic scholar and leader
- February 20 - Gordon Brown, Scottish politician
- February 25 - Don Quarrie, Jamaican sprinter
- March 4 - Kenny Dalglish Scottish footballer and football manager
- March 4 - Chris Rea, British singer and musician
- March 6 - Gerrie Knetemann, Dutch cyclist (d. 2004)
- March 8 - Karen Kain, Canadian ballerina
- March 12 - Susan Musgrave Canadian poet and children's writer
- March 13 - Fred Berry, American actor (d. 2003)
- March 17 - Kurt Russell, American actor
- March 24 - Tommy Hilfiger, American fashion designer
- March 26 - Carl Wieman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate

April-May

- April 5 - Guy Vanderhaeghe, Canadian author
- April 6 - Bert Blyleven, Dutch Major League Baseball player
- April 7 - Janis Ian, American singer and songwriter
- April 10 - David Helvarg, American journalist and activist
- April 10 - Steven Seagal, American actor
- April 11 - Doris McGowen Beck Angleton, American socialite and murder victim (d. 1997)
- April 13 - Peabo Bryson, American singer
- April 13 - Peter Davison, British actor
- April 13 - Max Weinberg, American drummer
- April 14 - Julian Lloyd Webber, English cellist and composer
- April 16 - Ioan Mihai Cochinescu, Romanian writer
- April 20 - Louise Jameson, British actress
- April 29 - Dale Earnhardt, American race car driver (d. 2001)
- May 9 - Christopher Dewdney, Canadian poet
- May 13 - Sharon Sayles Belton, Mayor of Minneapolis, Minnesota
- May 15 - Jonathan Richman, American musician
- May 15 - Frank Wilczek, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- May 19 - Joey Ramone, American musician (The Ramones) (d. 2001)
- May 23 - Anatoly Karpov, Russian chess player
- May 26 - Sally Ride, astronaut
- May 30 - Stephen Tobolowsky, American actor

June-August

- June 2 - Larry Robinson, Canadian hockey player
- June 14 - Paul Boateng, British politician
- June 17 - Mary McAleese, eighth President of Ireland
- June 20 - Tress MacNeille, American voice actress
- June 28 - Lalla Ward, British actress
- July 3 - Richard Hadlee, New Zealand cricketer
- July 5 - Rich "Goose" Gossage, baseball player
- July 8 - Anjelica Huston, American actress
- July 10 - Cheryl Wheeler, American singer and songwriter
- July 14 - Erich Hallhuber, German actor (d. 2003)
- July 18 - Elio Di Rupo, Belgian politician
- June 28 - Lloyd Maines, American musician and record producer
- July 24 - Chris Smith, British politician
- August 3 - Marcel Dionne, Canadian hockey player
- August 6 - Daryl Somers, Australian television personality
- August 20 - Greg Bear, American author
- August 21 - Eric Goles, Chilean mathematician and computer scientist
- August 23 - Akhmad Kadyrov, President of Chechnya
- August 23 - Queen Noor of Jordan
- August 24 - Orson Scott Card, American author

September-October

- September 7 - Julie Kavner, American voice actress
- September 12 - Joe Pantoliano, American actor
- September 21 - Aslan Maskhadov, President of Chechnya
- September 22 - David Coverdale, English singer
- September 25 - Mark Hamill, American actor
- September 26 - Stuart Tosh, Scottish musician
- September 29 - Andrés Caicedo, Colombian writer (d. 1977)
- September 29 - Maureen Caird, Australian hurdler
- September 30 - Barry Marshall, Australian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
- October 3 - Dave Winfield, baseball player
- October 3 - Keb Mo', American musician
- October 5 - Bob Geldof, Irish musician (The Boomtown Rats)
- October 6 - Manfred Winkelhock, German race car driver
- October 7 - John Mellencamp, American musician and songwriter
- October 10 - Ratu Epeli Ganilau, Fiji soldier and statesman
- October 11 - Jean-Jacques Goldman, French singer and songwriter
- October 26 - Bootsy Collins, American musician, singer, and songwriter
- October 30 - Harry Hamlin, American actor

November-December

- November 11 - Marc Summers, American television host
- November 15 - Alamgir Hashmi, English poet
- November 19 - Lord Falconer, British politician
- November 24 - Chet Edwards, American politician
- November 26 - Cicciolina, Italian actress and politician
- November 30 - Christian Bernard, French-born mystic
- December 6 - Tomson Highway, Canadian writer
- December 8 - Jan Eggum, Norwegian singer-songwriter
- December 12 - Wau Holland, German hacker (d. 2001)
- December 14 - Jan Timman, Dutch chess player
- December 17 - Ken Hitchcock, Canadian hockey coach
- December 30 - Meredith Viera, American television host

Deaths

- January 7 - René Guénon, French-born author (b. 1886)
- January 10 - Sinclair Lewis, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)
- January 29 - Frank Tarrant, Australian cricketer (b. 1880)
- February 9 - Eddy Duchin, American pianist and bandleader (b. 1909)
- February 13 - Lloyd C. Douglas, American author (b. 1877)
- February 18 - Lyman Gilmore, American aviation pioneer (b. 1874)
- February 19 - André Gide, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1869)
- February 21 - Choudhary Rahmat Ali, founding father of Pakistan (b. 1895)
- March 6 - Ivor Novello, Welsh actor, musician, and composer (b. 1893)
- March 10 - Shidehara Kijuro, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1872)
- March 21 - Willem Mengelberg, Dutch conductor (b. 1871)
- March 25 - Eddie Collins, baseball player (b. 1887)
- March 25 - Oscar Micheaux, American filmmaker (b. 1884)
- April 4 - Al Christie, Canadian-born film director and producer (b. 1881)
- April 4 - George Albert Smith, president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1870)
- April 6 - Robert Broom, Scottish paleontologist (b. 1866)
- April 22 - Horace Donisthorpe, English myrmecologist (b. 1870)
- April 23 - Charles G. Dawes, Vice President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1865)
- May 7 - Warner Baxter, American actor (b. 1889)
- May 30 - Hermann Broch, Austrian author (b. 1886)
- June 4 - Serge Koussevitzky, Russian conductor (b. 1874)
- June 13 - Ben Chifley, Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1885)
- June 21 - Charles Dillon Perrine, American-born astronomer (b. 1867)
- July 9 - Harry Heilmann, baseball player (b. 1894)
- July 13 - Arnold Schoenberg, Austrian composer (b. 1874)
- July 20 - King Abdullah I of Jordan (b. 1882)
- July 23 - Robert J. Flaherty, American filmmaker (b. 1884)
- July 23 - Philippe Pétain, leader of Vichy France (b. 1856)
- July 29 - Hozumi Shigeto, Japanese author (b. 1883)
- August 14 - William Randolph Hearst, American newspaper publisher (b. 1863)
- August 15 - Artur Schnabel, Polish pianist (b. 1882)
- August 21 - Constant Lambert, British composer (b. 1905)
- October 6 - Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Germn-born physician and biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1884)
- October 16 - Liaquat Ali Khan, first Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1896)
- November 5 - Reggie Walker, South African athlete (b. 1889)
- November 9 - Sigmund Romberg, Hungarian-born composer (b. 1887)
- November 13 - Nikolai Medtner, Russian pianist and composer (b. 1880)

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - John Cockcroft, Ernest Walton
- Chemistry - Edwin McMillan, Glenn T. Seaborg
- Medicine - Max Theiler
- Literature - Pär Lagerkvist
- Peace - Léon Jouhaux
- ko:1951년 ms:1951 ja:1951年 simple:1951 th:พ.ศ. 2494

1953

1953 (MCMLIII) is a common year starting on Thursday.

Events

January

- January 7 - President Harry S. Truman announces the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb.
- January 12 - Estonian emigres find a government in exile in Oslo
- January 13 - Marshal Josip Broz Tito chosen President of Yugoslavia
- January 15 - Georg Dertinger, foreign minister of East Germany, is arrested for spying
- January 20 - Change of US presidency from Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) to Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961).
- January 22 - The Crucible, a drama by Arthur Miller, opens on Broadway
- January 24 – Mau Mau rebels in Kenya kill Ruck family – father, mother and a 6-year-old son
- January 26 - Walter Ulbricht announces that the agriculture will be collectivized in East Germany
- January 28 - Derek Bentley is executed for murder in Wandsworth Prison
- January 31-February 1 - North Sea flood of 1953 kills 1,835 people in the southwestern Netherlands (especially Zeeland), 307 in the United Kingdom and several hundred at sea, including 132 on the ferry Princess Victoria in the Irish Sea

February

- February 1 - Surge of North Sea Flood of 1953 continues from the previous day.
- February 5 - The movie Peter Pan premieres (Roxy Theatre, New York City).
- February 11 - President Eisenhower refuses clemency appeal for Ethel and Julius Rosenberg.
- February 11 - The Soviet Union breaks diplomatic relations with Israel.
- February 13 - Transsexual Christine Jorgenson returns to New York after successful sexual reassignment surgery in Denmark
- February 18 - The first 3D film, Bwana Devil opens.
- February 19 - Censorship: Georgia approves the first literature censorship board in the United States
- February 28 - James D. Watson and Francis Crick announce that they have determined the chemical structure of DNA.

March-April

- March 1 - After an all-night dinner with Soviet Union interior minister Lavrenty Beria and future premiers Georgi Malenkov, Nikolai Bulganin and Nikita Khrushchev, Joseph Stalin collapses, having suffered a stroke that paralyzed the right side of his body.
- March 1 - Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg made the deputy constable and lieutenant governor of Windsor Castle
- March 5 - After 29 years of ruling the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin dies.
- March 6 - Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov succeeds Josef Stalin as Premier and First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
- March 11 - U.S. B-47 bomber accidentally drops an atom bomb on Mars Bluff, South Carolina. Fortunately it fails to detonate.
- March 13 - United Nations Security Council nominates Dag Hammarskjöld as United Nations Secretary General
- March 14 - Nikita Khruschev selected general secretary of the Soviet communist party
- March 17 - Nuclear test in Nevada - with 1620 spectators in 3.4 km
- March 18 - An earthquake hits western Turkey killing 250.
- March 25-26 – Lari Massacre in Kenya – Mau Mau rebels kill up to 150 kikuyu
- March 26 - Jonas Salk announces his polio vaccine.
- April 7 - Dag Hammarskjöld is elected United Nations Secretary General.
- April 8 – Jomo Kenyatta is sentenced for seven years in prison for alleged organization of Mau Mau Rebellion
- April 13 - Ian Fleming publishes his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale in the United Kingdom
- April 25 - Francis Crick and James D. Watson publish their description of the double helix structure of DNA.(::Watson, J. D. and Crick, F. H. C. (1953). [http://www.nature.com/genomics/human/watson-crick/index.html Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid]. Nature 171, 737-738.)

May

DNA
- May 2 - Hussein is crowned King of Jordan.
- May 2 - 38-year-old Stanley Matthews finally wins the FA Cup at his third attempt, in the famous 'Matthews Final'
- May 9 – France agrees to the provisional independence of Cambodia with the king Norodom Sihanouk
- May 10 - Town of Chemnitz in East Germany becomes Karl Marx Stadt
- May 11 - The Waco Tornado: A F5 tornado hits in the downtown section of Waco, Texas killing 114.
- May 18 - At Rogers Dry Lake, California Jackie Cochran becomes the first woman to break the sound barrier (she flew in a F-86 Sabrejet at an average speed of 652.337 miles-per-hour).
- May 25 - Nuclear testing: At the Nevada Test Site, the United States conducts its first and only nuclear artillery test.
- May 29 - Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay perform the first successful ascent to the summit of Mount Everest.

June-July

Mount Everest
- June 2 - Coronation of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom at Westminster Abbey.
- June 8 - Flint-Worcester Tornadoes: A tornado hits in Flint, Michigan and kills 115. This is the last tornado to claim more than 100 lives.
- June 8 - Austria and Soviet Union form diplomatic relations
- June 9 - CIA Technical Services Staff head Sidney Gottlieb approves of the use of LSD in a MKULTRA subproject.
- June 9 - Flint-Worcester Tornadoes: A tornado spawned from the same storm system as the Flint tornado hits in Worcester, Massachusetts killing 94.
- June 12 - Currency reform causes riots in Czechoslovakia
- June 13 - Hungarian Prime Minister Mátyás Rákosi is replaced by Imre Nagy.
- June 16 - Soviet Union and Yugoslavia form diplomatic relations
- June 17 - Workers Uprising: In East Germany, the Soviet Union orders a Division (military) of troops into East Berlin to quell a rebellion.
- June 18 - Egypt declares a republic
- June 19 - Execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
- June 30 - The first Chevrolet Corvette is built at Flint (Michigan)
- July 4 - Strikes and riots in coal mining regions in Poland
- July 5 - First meeting of the assembly of the European Economic Community in Strasbourg, France
- July 10 – Soviet official paper Pravda announces that Lavrenti Beria has been deposed from his positions as a head of NKVD
- July 18 - Flood in the Hodno island in Japan - 1700 dead, 7000 injured
- July 26 - Fidel Castro and his brother lead a disastrous assault on the Moncada Barracks - preliminary to the Cuban Revolution.
- July 27 - Korean War ends: The United States, People's Republic of China, North Korea, and South Korea sign an armistice agreement.

August-October

- August 5 - Operation Big Switch, operation to repatriate prisoners of war after the Korean War
- August 7 - Ohio admitted as a U. S. state, retroactive to 1803.
- August 8 - Soviet prime minister Georgi Malenkov announces that Soviet Union has a hydrogen bomb
- August 11 - Earthquake devastates islands of the Ionian Sea
- August 13 - 4 million workers go on strike in France to protest austerity measures
- August 17 - Addiction: First meeting of Narcotics Anonymous in Southern California, see October 5.
- August 18 - Kinsey report
- August 19 - Cold War: The CIA helps to overthrow the government of Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran and retain Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi on the throne (see: Operation Ajax).
- August 20 - French government oust the sultan of Morocco and exiles him to Corsica
- August 20 - USA gives West Germany 382 ships it captured during World War Two
- August 25 - General strike ends in France
- September 3 - Birthday, Cheryl Tutson, 1953
- September 5 - United Nations does not accept Soviet Union's suggestion to accept China as a member
- September 7 - Nikita Khrushchev becomes head of the Soviet Central Committee.
- September 25 - Hurricane in South-East Asia - over 1000 dead
- September 25 - First German prisoners of war return from Soviet Union to West Germany
- September 26 - Rationing of sugar ends in the United Kingdom
- October - The UNIVAC 1103 is the first commercial computer to use random access memory.
- October 5 - First meeting of Narcotics Anonymous (first planning session was held August 17)
- October 9 - Konrad Adenauer is re-elected as a German chancellor
- October 12 - "The Caine Mutiny Court Martial" opens at Plymouth Theatre, New York.
- October 30 - Cold War: US President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally approves the top secret document National Security Council Paper No. 162/2, which states that the United States' arsenal of nuclear weapons must be maintained and expanded to counter the communist threat.

November-December

- November 5 - David Ben Gurion resigns as a prime minister of Israel
- November 9 - Cambodia becomes independent from France.
- November 9 - King Abdul Aziz of Saudi Arabia dies
- November 21 - Authorities at the British Natural History Museum announce that the skull of the "Piltdown Man", one of the most famous fossil skulls in the world, is a hoax.
- November 23 - Moscow announces that Lavrenti Beria has been executed
- November 25 - England lose 6-3 to Hungary at Wembley Stadium, their first ever loss to a continental team at home
- November 29 - French paratroopers take Dien Bien Phu
- December 2 - United Kingdom and Iran reform diplomatic relations
- December 8 - US president Dwight D. Eisenhower delivers his Atoms for Peace address to the UN General Assembly in New York City
- December 23 – Soviet Union announces officially that Lavrenti Beria has been executed
- December 24 - 153 people die as a result of the Tangiwai disaster when the railway bridge collapses at Tangiwai, New Zealand sending a fully loaded passenger train into the Whangaehu River
- December 30 - The first color television sets go on sale for about $1,175 (American dollars).

Births

January-February

- January 4 - George Tenet, American Central Intelligence Agency director
- January 8 - Bruce Sutter, baseball player
- January 10 - Pat Benatar, American singer
- January 10 - Bobby Rahal, American race car driver
- January 19 - Desi Arnaz Jr., American actor
- January 21 - Paul Allen, American entrepreneur
- January 22 - Jim Jarmusch, American director
- January 26 - Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Prime Minister of Denmark
- February 7 - Dan Quisenberry, baseball player (d. 1998)
- February 8 - Mary Steenburgen, American actress
- February 11 - Philip Anglim, American actor
- February 11 - Jeb Bush, brother of President George W Bush and son of George H.W. Bush and Barbara Pierce Bush
- February 11 - Alan Rubin, American musician
- February 17 - Norman Pace, British actor and comedian
- February 21 - William Petersen, American actor
- February 25 - José María Aznar, Spanish politician
- February 25 - Martin Kippenberger, German artist

March-May

- March 1 - Richard Bruton, Irish politician and economist
- March 6 - Jan Kjærstad, Norwegian author
- March 6 - Jacklyn Zeman, American actress
- March 12 - Carl Hiaasen, American author
- March 12 - Ron Jeremy, American actor
- March 16 - Isabelle Huppert, French actress
- March 16 - Richard Stallman, American free software proponent
- March 23 - Chaka Khan, American singer
- March 26 - Elaine Chao, U.S. Secretary of Labor
- April 1 - Barry Sonnenfeld, American film producer and director
- April 11 - Guy Verhofstadt, Prime Minister of Belgium
- April 11 - Andrew Wiles, British-born mathematician
- April 16 - J. Neil Schulman, American writer and activist
- May 6 - Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- May 15 - George Brett, baseball player
- May 15 - Mike Oldfield, English composer
- May 16 - Pierce Brosnan, Irish actor
- May 19 - Victoria Wood, British comic actress
- May 20 - Robert Doyle, Australian politician
- May 24 - Alfred Molina, English actor
- May 26 - Michael Portillo, English politician
- May 29 - Danny Elfman, American composer
- May 30 - Colm Meaney, Irish actor

June-August

- June 1 - David Berkowitz, American serial killer
- June 8 - Bonnie Tyler, Welsh singer
- June 13 - Tim Allen, American actor
- June 21 - Benazir Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan
- July 14 - Bebe Buell, American model and singer
- July 15 - Jean-Bertrand Aristide, President of Haiti
- July 15 - Mila Pivnicki, First Lady of Canada
- July 29 - Geddy Lee, Canadian musician (Rush)
- August 5 - Rick Mahler, baseball player (d. 2005)
- August 9 - Robert Cray, American musician
- August 11 - Hulk Hogan, American professional wrestler
- August 18 - Louie Gohmert, American politician
- August 19 - Benoît Régent, French actor (d. 1994)
- August 31 - György Károly, Hungarian author

October-December

- October 2 - Brandon Wilson, American author and explorer
- October 7 - Christopher Norris, British actress
- October 7 - Tico Torres, American musician (Bon Jovi)
- October 9 - Tony Shalhoub, American actor
- October 12 - Serge Lepeltier, French politician
- October 12 - Les Dennis, British comedian and television presenter
- October 22 - Jeff Goldblum, American actor
- October 27 - Robert Picardo, American actor
- October 27 - Peter Firth, British actor
- October 31 - Michael J. Anderson, American actor
- November 4 - Carlos Gutierrez, American politician
- November 14 - Dominique de Villepin, Prime Minister of France
- November 18 - Alan Moore, English writer and magician
- November 19 - Robert Beltran, American actor
- November 19 - Tom Villard, American actor (d. 1994)
- November 28 - Ben Bolt, American guitarist
- November 23 - Francis Cabrel, French singer
- November 29 - Alex Grey, American artist
- December 6 - Gary Ward, baseball player
- December 8 - Kim Basinger, American actress
- December 13 - Ben Bernanke, American economist
- December 13 - Bob Gainey, Canadian hockey player
- December 29 - Stanley Williams, a notorious Crips street gangs (d. 2005)

Deaths

- January 1 - Hank Williams, American musician (b. 1923)
- January 28 - James Scullin, ninth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1876)
- March 2 - Jim Lightbody, American runner (b. 1882)
- March 5 - Herman J. Mankiewicz, American writer and producer (b. 1897)
- March 5 - Sergei Prokofiev, Russian composer (b. 1891)
- March 5 - Joseph Stalin, Soviet leader (b. 1879)
- March 24 - Queen Mary the Dowager Queen Mother, queen of George V of the United Kingdom (b. 1867)
- March 28 - Jim Thorpe, American athlete (b. 1887)
- May 29 - Man Mountain Dean, American professional wrestler (b. 1891)
- July 26 - Nikolaos Plastiras, Greek general and politician (b. 1883)
- July 29 - Richard William Pearse, New Zealand airplane pioneer (b. 1877)
- August 22 - Jim Tabor, baseball player (b. 1916)
- September 2 - General Jonathan Wainwright, U.S. Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1883)
- September 8 - Fred M. Vinson, Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1890)
- September 28 - Edwin Hubble, American astronomer (b. 1889)
- October 3 - Arnold Bax, English composer (b. 1887)
- October 8 - Kathleen Ferrier, British contralto (b. 1912)
- October 25 - Holger Pedersen, Dutch linguist (b. 1867)
- October 27 - Thomas Wass, English cricketer (b. 1873)
- November 8 - Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1870)
- November 8 - John van Melle, Dutch-born author (b. 1883)
- November 9 - Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet and author (b. 1914)
- November 21 - Larry Shields, American musician (b. 1893)
- November 27 - Eugene O'Neill, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)
- November 28 - Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)
- November 29 - Sam De Grasse, Canadian actor (b. 1875)
- November 30 - Francis Picabia, French painter and poet (b. 1879)
- December 18 - Robert Millikan, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)
- December 27 - Julian Tuwim, Polish poet (b. 1894)

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - Frits (Frederik) Zernike
- Chemistry - Hermann Staudinger
- Medicine - Hans Adolf Krebs, Fritz Albert Lipmann
- Literature - Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
- Peace - George Catlett Marshall Category:1953 ko:1953년 ms:1953 ja:1953年 simple:1953 th:พ.ศ. 2496

North Dakota

North Dakota is a U.S. state, the northernmost of the Great Plains states in the Midwestern United States. To the north across the U.S.-Canada border are the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba, and to the south is South Dakota. In the west is Montana and to the east across the Red River of the North and the Bois de Sioux River is Minnesota. The Missouri River flows through the western part of the state, forming Lake Sakakawea behind the Garrison Dam. Formerly part of Dakota Territory (named after the Dakota tribe of Native Americans), North Dakota became a state in 1889. North Dakota's postal abbreviation is ND. The entire state is covered by area code 701. The United States Navy vessels USS North Dakota and Flickertail State were named in honor of North Dakota.

History

Prior to European contact, Native Americans inhabited North Dakota for thousands of years. The first European to reach the area was the French-Canadian trader La Vérendrye, who led an exploration party to Mandan villages about 1738. The trading arrangement between tribes was such that North Dakota tribes rarely dealt directly with Europeans. However, the native tribes were in sufficient contact that by the time of Lewis and Clark, they were at least somewhat aware of the French, then Spanish claims to their territory. The state was settled sparsely until the late 1800s, when the railroads pushed through the state, and aggressively marketed the land. On 2 November 1889, North Dakota was admitted to the Union with South Dakota (see Trivia below). The territorial and early state governments were largely corrupt. Early in the 20th century, a wave of populism led by the Non Partisan League brought social reforms. The Great Depression was rough on the state and came several years early with the 1920s farm crisis. The original state capitol burned to the ground in the 1930s and was replaced by a concrete art deco skyscraper that still stands today. The 1950s brought a round of federal construction projects, including the Garrison Dam and the Minot and Grand Forks Air Force bases. The 1980s saw an oil boom in the Williston basin, as skyrocketing petroleum prices made development profitable, driving state population to a peak near 800,000. Since then the state has been experiencing a period of economic and demographic decline. Today, the population stands at around 640,000 (roughly the same population as in the 1920s).

Law and government

The capital of North Dakota is Bismarck and its current governor is John Hoeven (Republican). Its two current U.S. senators are Kent Conrad (Dem-NPL) and Byron Dorgan (Dem-NPL). Its congressman is Earl Pomeroy (Dem-NPL). North Dakota has a bicameral legislature. The state elects two House Representatives and one Senator from each of 47 districts apportioned by population. The legislature meets in an 80-day regular session in odd-numbered years, and in special session if summoned by the governor. See also: North Dakota Legislative Assembly, North Dakota Senate, North Dakota House of Representatives The major political parties in North Dakota are the Republican Party and the Democratic-NPL Party. However, North Dakota does have some active third parties. The Republican Party holds large majorities in the state legislature and generally wins the state's 3-member electoral college delegation. Since 1964, no Democratic presidential candidate has carried North Dakota. In 2004, George W. Bush won with 62.9% of the vote. On the other hand, Dem-NPL candidates for North Dakota's federal Senate and Congressional seats have won every election since 1986. The structure of North Dakota's judiciary is not terribly complex. Each of the 53 counties has a court, from which appeals are sent directly to the North Dakota Supreme Court. Because of the expense of having each county hire a judge, and the fairly low workload, the state is divided into seven judicial districts which collectively elect judges to travel to the various courthouses and hear cases. District Judges are elected to six-year terms. Supreme Court Judges are elected to ten-year terms. The Supreme Court Justice is selected every 5 years by vote of the District and Supreme Court Judges. See: List of North Dakota Governors, List of United States Senators from North Dakota, List_of_political_parties_in_North_Dakota.

Geography and Climate

List_of_political_parties_in_North_Dakota See: List of North Dakota counties North Dakota is bordered on the north by the Canadian Provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba, on the west by Montana, on the south by South Dakota, and on the east, across the Red River of the North and the Bois de Sioux River, by Minnesota. The Missouri River flows through the western part of the state, forming Lake Sakakawea behind the Garrison Dam. Farms and ranches stretch across the rolling plains from the Red River Valley in the east to the rugged Badlands in the west. The geographic center of the North American continent is located near Rugby. North Dakota is a prime example of a continental climate; distant from major bodies of water to moderate the weather, conditions range from sweltering heat and humidity to bitter cold. Competing warm airmasses from the Gulf of Mexico and cold airmasses from the Arctic regions invaribly produce strong winds as they move in and out of the region. In summer, the clash of arctic and tropic systems often leads to strong thunderstorms, sometimes including damaging hail and tornadoes. In winter, the weather tends to be more stable — cold and dry, with occasional flurries—though the constant wind tends to create blowing snow at any time of the season. Severe snowstorms tend to manifest late in the fall or early in the spring, as was the case in 1997. North Dakota's reputation for severe weather has been cited by many as a motivating factor behind outmigration and the failure of outside industry to locate in the state, though some have found this to be a secondary factor to the overall economic situation in the state.

Economy

The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that North Dakota's total state product in 2003 was $21 billion. Per capita personal income in 2003 was $28,922, 32^nd in the nation. Agricultural activity is largely dependent on rainfall. Wheat (particularly the durum variety used for pasta), barley, canola, soybeans, sunflowers, and flax are present throughout the state. The wetter Red River Valley is dominated by farms, with the chief crops being Sugar beets and maize. Cattle ranches are more common in the dry southwest, though dairy ranches are more common toward the east. Honey is produced in the central part of the state. Small quantities of juneberries and grapes support a modest domestic winery industry. The state's relatively small industrial output includes electric power, food processing, machinery (including Bobcat heavy equipment), lignite mining, and tourism. North Dakota has the only state-owned bank in the United States, the Bank of North Dakota. The bank, by law, holds all funds of all state and local government agencies in North Dakota. Its deposits are not guaranteed by the FDIC, but by the State of North Dakota itself.

Demographics

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2004, North Dakota's population was 634,366. The state's population had declined nearly 8,000 since 2000, a 1.2% drop. North Dakota ranks 47th of the 50 states in population, with fewer people only in Alaska, Vermont, and Wyoming.

Race and Ancestry

The racial makeup of the state:
- 91.7% White
- 4.9% Native American
- 1.2% Hispanic
- 0.6% Asian
- 0.6% Black
- 1.2% Mixed race The five largest ancestry groups in North Dakota are: German (43.9%), Norwegian (30.1%), Irish (7.7%), Native American (5%), Swedish (5%). Most North Dakotans are of Northern European descent, especially Scandinavian and German. People of German ancestry are present throughout the state, especially the southern and central counties, and Scandinavians are also present throughout. A few counties have large Native American populations (principally on reservations). Individual counties in western North Dakota have the largest white, Russian, Ukrainian, and Hungarian percentages of any county. 6.1% of North Dakota's population were reported as under 5, 25% under 18, and 14.7% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 50.1% of the population.

Outmigration

North Dakota has experienced a decline in population over the last 20 years, primarily among skilled college graduates for whom there are few jobs in the state. State leaders have been at a loss to address the issue. Student loan forgiveness programs for health and education professionals have been initiated with some degree of success, but a larger program to forgive the loans of all college graduates residing in the state for a given period of time failed to pass a referendum. Some federal politicians, including Byron Dorgan, have proposed [http://dorgan.senate.gov/issues/northdakota/homestead/ "The New Homestead Act of 2005"] (compare to the original U.S. Homestead Act in 1862) to encourage living in areas losing population through incentives such as tax breaks, but these have also made little headway. Many North Dakota politicians believe that better economic development programs will eventually resolve the issue, but opinions are mixed as to what exactly that would entail.

Religion

A very large majority of North Dakotans self-identify as Christian. It has the lowest percentage of non-religious people of any state, and it also has the most churches per capita of any state. An estimate of the religious affiliations of the people of North Dakota (source: [http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm] CUNY, 2001):
- Lutheran: 35%
- Catholic: 30%
- Methodist: 7%
- Baptist: 6%
- Assemblies of God: 3%
- None: 3%
- Christian: 2%
- Muslim: 2%
- Protestant: 1%
- Mormon/LDS: 1%
- Jehovah's Witnesses: 1%
- Buddhist: 1%
- Other: 1%
- Refused: 6%

Important cities and towns

See also: List of cities in North Dakota By population, the ten largest urban centers in the state are: :1. Fargo/West Fargo :2. Bismarck/Mandan :3. Grand Forks :4. Minot :5. Dickinson :6. Jamestown :7. Williston :8. Wahpeton :9. Devils Lake :10. Valley City The population trends in the state are noting a distinct shift from the rural areas to the larger cities. Most of North Dakota's largest communities grew between 1990 and 2000. Between 1990 and 2000, the USA as a whole grew by 13.1%, yet North Dakota grew a mere 0.5%. It is the only state (along with Washington DC) whose population declined (by 1.3%) between April 1, 2000 and July 1, 2003; this decline has become a major political issue.

Education

North Dakota's leaders frequently boast that the educational scene in the state is excellent. However, because the economic situation is no match for it, many skilled graduates leave the state.

Colleges and universities

The state has 11 public colleges and universities, five tribal community colleges, and four private schools. The largest and oldest among them is the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks. The higher education system consists of the following institutions: :North Dakota University System (Public schools) ::Bismarck State College in Bismarck ::Dickinson State University in Dickinson ::Lake Region State College in Devils Lake ::Mayville State University in Mayville ::Minot State University in Minot ::Minot State University-Bottineau in Bottineau ::North Dakota State University in Fargo ::North Dakota State College of Science in Wahpeton ::University of North Dakota in Grand Forks ::Valley City State University in Valley City ::Williston State College in Williston :Tribal colleges ::Cankdeska Cikana Community College in Fort Totten ::Fort Berthold Community College in New Town ::Sitting Bull College in Fort Yates ::Turtle Mountain Community College in Belcourt ::United Tribes Technical College in Bismarck :Private schools ::Aakers College in Fargo and Bismarck ::Jamestown College in Jamestown ::University of Mary in Bismarck ::Trinity Bible College in Ellendale

Miscellaneous information

:Language: English :Counties: 53 :State bird: Western Meadowlark, Sturnella neglecta :State fish: Northern pike, Esox lucius :State horse: Nokota Horse :State flower: Wild Prairie Rose, Rosa arkansana :State tree: American Elm, Ulmus americana :State fossil: Teredo Petrified wood :State grass: Western Wheatgrass, Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve :State nicknames: Roughrider State, Flickertail State, Peace Garden State :State mottos: ::(Seal of North Dakota) Liberty and Union, Now and Forever, One and Inseparable ::(Coat of Arms of North Dakota) Strength from the Soil :State song: North Dakota Hymn :State dance: Square Dance :State march: Flickertail March :State beverage: Milk :State license plate: See the different types over time [http://www.worldlicenceplates.com/usa/US_NDXX.html]

Trivia

A bill for statehood for North and South Dakota (and Montana, and Washington) was passed on February 22 1889 during the Administration of Grover Cleveland. It was left to his successor Benjamin Harrison to sign proclamations formally admitting North and South Dakota to the Union on November 2 1889. However, the rivalry between the northern and southern territories presented a dilemma: only one, upon the President's signature on the proclamation, could gain the distinction of being admitted before the other. So Harrison directed his Secretary of State James Blaine to shuffle the papers and obscure from him which he was signing first, and the priority went unrecorded. The Flickertail State is one of North Dakota's nicknames. The nickname is derived from Richardson's Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii), a very common animal in the region. The squirrel constantly flicks its tail in a distinctive manner. In 1953, legislation to make the squirrel the state animal was voted down in the state legislature.

External links

- [http://www.nd.gov State of North Dakota official website]
- [http://www.nd.gov North Dakota tourism website]
- [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/38000.html U.S. Census Bureau facts of North Dakota]
- [http://www.dannyburk.com/badlands%20national%20park.htm Pictures of the Dakotas: Badlands and Theodore Roosevelt National Parks] Category:States of the American West
- Category:States of the United States ko:노스다코타 주 ja:ノースダコタ州 simple:North Dakota

Watkins Moorman Abbitt

Watkins Moorman Abbitt (May 21, 1908 - July 13, 1998) was a U.S. Representative from Virginia. He was born in Lynchburg, Campbell County, Virginia and graduated from Appomattox Agricultural High School in Appomattox, Virginia in 1925. He earned an LL.B. from the University of Richmond in 1931 and practiced law. He was the Commonwealth attorney of Appomattox County, Virginia from 1932-1948 and a member of the Virginia Constitutional Convention in 1945. Abbitt served as a delegate to the 1964 Democratic National Convention. He was a bank executive, and then elected as a Democrat to the United States Congress, by special election to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Patrick H. Drewry, and was reelected to the twelve succeeding Congresses (February 17, 1948- January 3, 1973). He died in Lynchburg, Virginia and was interred at Liberty Cemetery, Appomattox, Virginia. Abbitt, Watkins Moorman Abbitt, Watkins Moorman

1973

1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday.

Events

January

- January 1 - United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark enter the European Economic Community, now known as the European Union.
- January 3 - Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) sells the New York Yankees for $10 million to a 12-person syndicate led by George Steinbrenner.
- January 15 - Vietnam War: Citing progress in peace negotiations, President of the United States Richard Nixon announces the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam.
- January 17 - Ferdinand Marcos becomes President for Life of the Philippines.
- January 22 - Supreme Court of the United States rules on Roe v. Wade.
- January 22 - George Foreman breaks Joe Frazier's professional career undefeated heavyweight world boxing champion status.
- January 22 - Nigerian Airlines passenger plane from Mecca crashes in Kano, Nigeria - 176 dead.
- January 23 - The eruption of Eldfell on the Icelandic island of Heimaey begins.
- January 23 - President Richard Nixon announces that a peace accord has been reached in Vietnam.
- January 25 - Derren Nesbitt convicted of assaulting Anne Aubrey
- January 27 - U.S. involvement in Vietnam War ends with the signing of peace pacts. See Paris Peace Accords.

February

- February 11 - Vietnam War: First release of American prisoners of war from Vietnam takes place.
- February 12 - Ohio becomes the first U.S. state to post distance in metric on signs. (See: Metric system in the United States)
- February 21 - Over the Sinai Desert, Israeli fighter aircraft shoot down a Libyan Arab Airlines jet killing 100.
- February 22 - Sino-American relations: Following President Richard Nixon's visit to mainland China, the United States and the People's Republic of China agree to establish liaison offices.
- February 27 - The American Indian Movement occupies Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

March

- March 1 - The New York Joffrey Ballet's Deuce Coupe Ballet opens. The ballet is set entirely around music by The Beach Boys.
- March 7 - Comet Kohoutek is discovered.
- March 8 - IRA bombs explode in the Whitehall and the Old Bailey.
- March 16 - Queen Elizabeth II opens the New London Bridge.
- March 29 - The last United States soldiers leave Vietnam.
- March 31 - Paramount's Carowinds opens for the first time.

April

- April 2 - Launch of LexisNexis computerized legal research service.
- April 4 - World Trade Center officially opens in New York with a ribbon-cutting ceremony.
- April 6 - Launch of Pioneer 11 spacecraft.
- April 17 -German GSG-9 group formed officially

May

- May 5 - Shambu Tamang becomes the youngest person to climb to the summit of Mount Everest.
- May 8 - A 71-day standoff between federal authorities and the American Indian Movement who were occupying the Pine Ridge Reservation at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, ends with the surrender of the militants.
- May 10 - Polisario formed.
- May 14 - Skylab, the United States' first space station, is launched.
- May 17 - Watergate scandal: Hearings begin in the United States Senate and are televised.
- May 27 - By the virtue of non-retroactiveness of the copyright laws of the USSR, all works published before this date are public domain. This applies worldwide.

June

- June 1 - Greek military junta abolishes the monarchy and proclaims a republic.
- June 3 - Tupolev Tu-144 crashes at the Paris air show - 15 dead.
- June 4 - patent for the ATM granted to Don Wetzel, Tom Barnes and George Chastain.
- June 9 - Secretariat wins the Belmont Stakes becoming the first Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing winner since 1948.
- June 10 - Grandson of J. Paul Getty is kidnapped in Rome.
- June 22 - William Mark Felt retires from the FBI.
- June 25 - Erskine Hamilton Childers is elected the fourth President of Ireland.
- June 26 - On Plesetsk Cosmodrome 9 persons were killed at an explosion of a Cosmos 3-M rocket.
- June 30 - Very long total solar eclipse. During the entire Second Millennium, only seven total solar eclipses exceeded seven minutes of totality.

July

- July 1 - US Drug Enforcement Agency founded.
- July 5 - Isle of Man begins to issue its own postage stamps
- July 10 - The Bahamas gain full independence within the British Commonwealth.
- July 12 - A major fire destroys the entire 6th floor of the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis, Missouri. The disaster comes to be known as the 1973 National Archives Fire.
- July 16 - Watergate Scandal: Former White House aide Alexander Butterfield informs the United States Senate committee investigating the scandal that President Richard Nixon had secretly recorded potentially incriminating conversations.
- July 20 - France resumes nuclear bomb tests in Mururoa Atoll over protestations of Australia and New Zealand.
- July 25 - Soviet Mars 5 space probe launched.
- July 28 - Watkins Glen Summer Jam, a massive rock festival featuring The Grateful Dead, The Allman Brothers Band and The Band attracts over 600,000 music fans.
- July 30 - An 11-year legal action for the victims of Thalidomide ends.
- July 31 - Militant protesters of Ian Paisley disrupt the first sitting of the Northern Ireland Assembly

August

- August 2 - Flash fire kills 51 at the Summerland amusement centre at Douglas, Isle of Man.
- August 5 - Black September members open fire at Athens airport - 3 dead, 55 injured.
- August 8 - 1973 Kidnapping of Kim Dae-Jung
- August 13 - The film of Jesus Christ Superstar is released.
- August 15 - The U.S. bombing of Cambodia ends, marking the official halt to 12 years of combat activity in Southeast Asia.
- September 22 - Henry Kissinger, United States National Security Advisor, starts his term as Secretary of State.

September

- September 11 - Chile's democratically-elected government is overthrown in a military coup after serious instability. President Salvador Allende dies, and General Augusto Pinochet heads a military junta that will govern Chile for the next 16 years.
- September 15 - Sweden's king Gustav VI Adolf dies. Carl XVI Gustav becomes king.
- September 18 - The two German Republics, the BRD and the DDR, are admitted to the United Nations.
- September 20 - Billed as The Battle of the Sexes, Billie Jean King defeats Bobby Riggs 6-4, 6-4, 6-3.
- September 28 - ITT was bombed in New York City as a protest of their involvement with the Coup in Chile.

October

- October 6 - Yom Kippur War - Fourth and largest Arab-Israeli conflict begins as Egyptian and Syrian forces attack Israel as Jews mark Yom Kippur.
- October 10 - Spiro T. Agnew resigns as vice president of the United States and then, in federal court in Baltimore, pleads no contest to charges of evasion of income taxes on $29,500 he received in 1967 while he was governor of Maryland. He is fined $10,000 and put on three years' probation.
- October 17 - Arab Oil Embargo against several countries which gave support to Israel, triggerring the 1973 energy crisis.
- October 20 - The Saturday Night Massacre.
- October 20 - Sydney Opera House is opened by Elizabeth II.
- October 26 - Yom Kippur War ends.
- October 27 - The Canyon City meteorite, a 1.4 kg chondrite type meteorite struck earth in Fremont County, Colorado.

November

- November 1: Watergate scandal, acting Attorney General Robert Bork appointed Leon Jaworski as the new Watergate Special Prosecutor.
- November 3 - Mariner program: NASA launches the Mariner 10 toward Mercury (on March 29, 1974 it became the first space probe to reach that planet).
- November 7 - The U.S. Congress overrides President Richard M. Nixon's veto of the War Powers Resolution, which limits presidential power to wage war without congressional approval.
- November 11 - Egypt and Israel sign a United States-sponsored cease-fire accord.
- November 14 - In the United Kingdom, Princess Anne marries a commoner, Captain Mark Phillips, in Westminster Abbey (they divorced in 1992).
- November 16 - Skylab program: NASA launches Skylab 4 with a crew of three astronauts from Cape Canaveral, Florida for an 84-day mission.
- November 16 - US President Richard Nixon signs the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act into law, authorizing the construction of the Alaska Pipeline.
- November 17 - Watergate scandal: In Orlando, Florida, US President Richard Nixon tells 400 Associated Press managing editors "I am not a crook."
- November 17 - Student uprising against the military regime in Athens, Greece.
- November 21 - President Nixon's attorney, J. Fred Bushardt, revealed the existence of an 18-and-a-half-minute gap in one of the White House tape recordings related to Watergate.
- November 25 - Greek Dictator George Papadopoulos is ousted in military coup led by Lieutenant General Phaidon Gizikis.
- November 27 - The United States Senate votes 92 to 3 to confirm Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States (on December 6, the House confirmed him 387 to 35).

December

- December - Chile breaks diplomatic contacts with Sweden.
- December 1 - Papua New Guinea gains self government from Australia.
- December 3 - Pioneer program: Pioneer 10 sends back the first close-up images of Jupiter.
- December 15 - Gay rights: The American Psychiatric Association removes homosexuality from its DSM-II.
- December 23 - The OPEC doubles the price of crude oil.
- December 30 - Terrorist Carlos fails in his attempt to assassinate British businessman Joseph Sieff.
- December 31 - In the UK, as a result of high coal and oil prices, the Three-Day Week officially comes into force.

Unknown dates

- The National House Building Council was formed in the United Kingdom.
- The COSC The Swiss Official Chronometer testing Institute was founded in Switzerland by 5 Watch Cantons & FH, Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry.
- Title Queen of Australia created

Fictional events

- December 6 - Susie Salmon murdered, in Alice Sebold's The Lovely Bones.

Births

January

- January 1 - Danny Lloyd, American actor
- January 8 - Sean Paul, Jamaican singer
- January 11 - Rahul Dravid, Indian cricketer
- January 13 - Nikolai Khabibulin, Russian hockey player
- January 14 - Giancarlo Fisichella, Italian race car driver
- January 15 - Tomás Galásek, Czech football player
- January 17 - Cuauhtémoc Blanco, Mexican football player
- January 18 - Crispian Mills, British musician (The Jeevas and Kula Shaker)
- January 19 - Karen Lancaume, French actress (d. 2005)
- January 29 - Jason Schmidt, baseball player

February

- February 4 - Oscar De La Hoya, American boxer
- February 11 - Varg Vikernes, Norwegian musician (Burzum)
- February 14 - Steve McNair, American football player
- February 16 - Cathy Freeman, Australian athlete
- February 17 - Amy Van Dyken, American swimmer
- February 20 - Kimberley Davies, Australian actress
- February 22 - Shota Arveladze, Georgian football player
- February 24 - Jordan Jovtchev, Bulgarian gymnast
- February 26 - Marshall Faulk, American football player
- February 26 - Jenny Thompson, American swimmer
- February 28 - Eric Lindros, Canadian hockey player

March

- March 1 - Ryan Peake, Canadian guitarist (Nickelback)
- March 9 - Aaron Boone, baseball player
- March 13 - Edgar Davids, Dutch football player
- March 17 - Caroline Corr, Irish musician (The Corrs)
- March 23 - Jason Kidd, American basketball player
- March 29 - Marc Overmars, Dutch football player
- March 30 - Adam Goldstein, American DJ

April

- April 1 - Stephen Fleming, New Zealand cricket captains
- April 4 - David Blaine, American magician
- April 5 - Pharrell Williams, American musician and producer (The Neptunes)
- April 6 - Rie Miyazawa, Japanese actress and singer
- April 8 - Bobby Ologun, Nigerian television performer and martial artist
- April 10 - Roberto Carlos, Brazilian football player
- April 11 - Jennifer Esposito, American actress
- April 24 - Sachin Tendulkar, Indian cricketer
- April 28 - Elisabeth Röhm, American actress

May

- May 1 - Oliver Neuville, German football player
- May 3 - Michael Reiziger, Dutch football player
- May 10 - Dario Franchitti, Scottish race car driver
- May 14 - Natalie Appleton, Canadian singer (All Saints)
- May 16 - Tori Spelling, American actress
- May 30 - Leigh Francis, British comedian
- May 31 - Dominique van Roost, Belgian tennis player

June

- June 1 - Fred Deburghgraeve, Belgian swimmer
- June 1 - Heidi Klum, German model
- June 1 - Derek Lowe, baseball player
- June 8 - Lexa Doig, Canadian actress
- June 9 - Tedy Bruschi, American football player
- June 9 - Iain Lee, British comedian and radio and television presenter
- June 10 - Faith Evans, American singer
- June 12 - Darryl White, Australian footballer
- June 13 - Sam Adams, American football player
- June 22 - Carson Daly, American talk show host
- June 26 - Gretchen Wilson, American singer
- June 28 - Adrian Annus, Hungarian athlete
- June 30 - Chan Ho Park, Korean Major League Baseball player

July

- July 4 - Gackt, Japanese singer
- July 9 - Kelly Holcomb, American football player
- July 11 - Konstantinos Kenteris, Greek athlete
- July 15 - John Dolmayan, Lebanese-born drummer (System of a Down)
- July 17 - Eric Moulds, American football player
- July 20 - Peter Forsberg, Swedish hockey player
- July 20 - Haakon Magnus, Crown Prince of Norway
- July 23 - Nomar Garciaparra, baseball star
- July 23 - Fran Healy, British singer (Travis)
- July 23 - Monica Lewinsky, White House intern
- July 23 - David Mitchell, British comedian
- July 26 - Kate Beckinsale, English actress

August

- August 1 - Tempestt Bledsoe, American actress
- August 6 - Asia Carrera, American actress
- August 8 - Scott Stapp, American singer (Creed)
- August 12 - Richard Reid, English terrorist
- August 14 - Kieren Perkins, Australian swimmer
- August 19 - Mette-Marit Tjessem-Høiby, Crown Princess of Norway
- August 20 - Todd Helton, baseball player
- August 24 - Inge de Bruijn, Dutch swimmer

September

- September 4 - Jason David Frank, American actor
- September 5 - Rose McGowan, American actress
- September 12 - Darren Campbell, British athlete
- September 14 - Nas, American rapper
- September 18 - Mark Shuttleworth, South African entrepreneur
- September 19 - José Azevedo, Portuguese cyclist
- September 22 - Craig McRae, Australian footballer

October

- October 3 - Neve Campbell, Canadian actress
- October 10 - Mario López, American actor
- October 22 - Ichiro Suzuki, Japanese baseball player
- October 24 - Levi Leipheimer, American professional cyclist
- October 26 - Seth MacFarlane, American voice actor
- October 29 - Gabrielle Union, American actress
- October 30 - Silvia Corzo, Colombian newsreader

November

- November 1 - Aishwarya Rai, Indian actress
- November 5 - Johnny Damon, baseball player
- November 12 - Martin M. Weiss, American author
- November 14 - Lawyer Milloy, American football player
- November 14 - Dana Snyder, American voice actor
- November 28 - Jade Puget, American guitarist (AFI)
- November 29 - Ryan Giggs, Welsh footballer
- November 29 - Raphael Smith, South African screenwriter and songwriter

December

- December 2 - Monica Seles, Yugoslavian-born tennis player
- December 3 - Holly Marie Combs, American actress
- December 7 - Terrell Owens, American football star
- December 15 - Surya Bonaly, French figure skater
- December 14 - Thuy Trang, Vietnamese-born actress (d. 2001)
- December 17 - Paula Radcliffe, British athlete
- December 29 - Theo Epstein, baseball general manager
- December 30 - Ato Boldon, West Indian athlete

Deaths

January-April

- January 22 - Lyndon Johnson, President of the United States (b. 1908)
- January 23 - Kid Ory, American musician (b. 1886)
- January 24 - J. Carrol Naish, American actor (b. 1897)
- January 26 - Edward G. Robinson, American actor (b. 1893)
- January 31 - Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch, Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1895)
- February 11 - Hans D Jensen, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907)
- February 15 - Wally Cox, American actor (b. 1924)
- February 23 - Dickinson W. Richards, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1895)
- February 19 - Joseph Szigeti, Hungarian violinist (b. 1892)
- March 6 - Pearl S. Buck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)
- March 8 - Ron Pigpen McKernan, American musician (Grateful Dead) (b. 1945)
- March 14 - Rafael Godoy, Colombian composer (b. 1907)
- March 14 - Chic Young, American cartoonist (b. 1901)
- March 26 - Noel Coward, English composer and playwright (b. 1899)
- April 8 - Pablo Picasso, Spanish artist (b. 1881)
- April 16 - Istvan Kertesz, Hungarian conductor (b. 1929)
- April 19 - Hans Kelsen, Austrian-born legal theorist (b. 1881)
- April 21 - Arthur Fadden, thirteenth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1894)
- April 26 - Irene Ryan, American actress (b. 1902)

May-August

- May 2 - Alan Carney, American actor and comedian (b. 1909)
- May 11 - Lex Barker, American actor (b. 1919)
- May 12 - Art Pollard, American race car driver(b. 1927)
- May 14 - Jean Gebser, German author, linguist, and poet (b. 1905)
- May 18 - Jeannette Rankin, first U.S. Congresswoman (b. 1880)
- June 18 - Roger Delgado, English actor (b. 1918)
- July 2 - Swede Savage, American race car driver (b. 1946)
- July 6 - Otto Klemperer, German-born conductor (b. 1885)
- July 7 - Veronica Lake, American actress (b. 1922)
- July 8 - Wilfred Rhodes, English cricketer (b. 1877)
- July 20 - Bruce Lee, American martial artist and actor (b. 1940)
- July 29 - Roger Williamson, British race car driver (b. 1948)
- August 1 - Gian Francesco Malipiero, Italian composer (b. 1882)
- August 11 - Karl Ziegler, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1898)
- August 12 - Walter Rudolf Hess, Swiss physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)
- August 16 - Selman Waksman, Ukrainian-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1888)
- August 17 - Conrad Aiken, American writer (b. 1889)
- August 17 - Jean Barraqué, French composer (b. 1928)

September-December

- September 2 - J. R. R. Tolkien, British writer (b. 1892)
- September 11 - Salvador Allende, President of Chile (b. 1908)
- September 19 - Gram Parsons, American musician (b. 1946)
- September 23 - Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
- September 29 - W. H. Auden, English poet (b. 1907)
- October 2 - Paavo Nurmi, Finnish runner (b. 1897)
- October 17 - Ingeborg Bachmann, Austrian writer (b. 1926)
- October 22 - Pablo Casals, Catalan cellist and conductor (b. 1876)
- November 11 - David "Stringbean" Akeman, American banjo player (b. 1915)
- November 11 - Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Finnish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1895)
- November 27 - Frank Christian, American musician (b. 1887)
- December 1 - David Ben-Gurion, Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1886)
- December 3 - Emile Christian, American musician (b. 1895)
- December 20 - Bobby Darin, American singer (b. 1936)
- December 20 - Luis Carrero Blanco, first minister of Spain (assassinated) (b. 1907)
- December 25 - Gabriel Voisin, French aviation pioneer (b. 1880)
- December 26 - Harold B. Lee, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1899)

Unknown date

- Friedrich Panse, German psychiatrist (b. 1899)

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian David Josephson
- Chemistry - Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson
- Medicine - Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen
- Literature - Patrick White
- Peace - Henry A. Kissinger, Le Duc Tho
- Economics - Wassily Leontief

Templeton Prize

- Mother Theresa Category:1973 Category:1973 als:1973 ko:1973년 ja:1973年 simple:1973 th:พ.ศ. 2516

Democratic Party (United States)

History

Beginnings

Antebellum

Civil War and Reconstruction

Populism and Republican dominance

The New Deal

Civil Rights Movement

1970s

1980s

1990s

21st century

Factions

Centrists

Progressives

Labor

Liberals

Conservatives

Notable groups

Issues

Symbols

Nehemiah Abbott

Nehemiah Abbott (March 29, 1804 - July 26, 1877) was a Representative from Maine. He was born in Sidney, Maine, studied law at the Litchfield, Connecticut Law School, was admitted to the bar in 1836 and began his practice at Calais, Maine. In 1839 Abbott moved to Columbus, Mississippi, where he continued the practice of law, but the following year he returned to Maine and settled in Belfast, Waldo County, where he resumed the practice of law. In 1842, 1843 and 1845 he was a member of the State house of representatives. He was elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives, serving from March 4, 1857-March 3, 1859. He did not run for reelection, but continued to practice law, and served as the mayor of Belfast in 1865 and 1866. He died in Belfast. Abbott, Nehemiah Abbott, Nehemiah

1971

1971 (MCMLXXI) is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar).

Events

January

- January 1 - British Divorce Reform Act comes into force
- January 2 - 66 die in stairway crush at Rangers v Celtic football match, Glasgow, Scotland. See Ibrox disaster.
- January 2 - A ban on television cigarette advertisements goes into effect in the United States.
- January 3 - BBC Open University begins in the United Kingdom
- January 7 - Howard Hughes breaks his silence to announce that his supposed biography is a forgery.
- January 8 – Tupamaros kidnap Geoffrey Jackson, British ambassador to Uruguay, in Montevideo; they keep him captive until September
- January 9 – Uruguayan president Jorge Pacheco Areco demands emergency powers for 90 days due to kidnappings and receives them the next day
- January 14 – 70 Brazilian political prisoners released in Santiago. Giovanni Enrico Bucher is released January 16
- January 15 - Aswan Dam officially opened
- January 18 – Strikes in Poland demand resignation of interior minister Kazimierz Switala. He resigns January 23 and is replaced by Franciszek Szlachcic
- January 19 – Representatives of 23 western oil companies begin negotiations with OPEC in Tehran to stabilize oil prices. February 14 they sign a treaty with six Persian Gulf countries
- January 19 - No, No Nanette premieres (46th Street Theatre, New York City)
- January 24 – Guinean government sentences to death 92 Guineans who helped Portuguese troops in the failed landing attempts in November 1970. 72 are sentenced to hard labor for life. 58 of the sentenced are hanged the next day
- January 25 - Charles Manson and three female "family members" are found guilty of the 1969 murder of Sharon Tate and others at Sharon's house
- January 25 - Idi Amin leads a coup deposing Milton Obote and becomes Uganda's president
- January 25 - Himachal Pradesh becomes the 18th Indian state
- January 31 - Apollo program: US spaceflight Apollo 14, commanded by Alan Shepard, lifts off on the third successful lunar landing mission

February

- February 2 - Idi Amin ousts Milton Obote and assumes power in Uganda
- February 4 - In Britain, Rolls Royce goes bankrupt - state takes over
- February 5 - Apollo 14 lands on the Moon.
- February 7 - Tuscany, Italy, wrecked in an earthquake
- February 7 - Men of Switzerland vote for giving voting rights to women in state elections - but not in all canton-specific ones.
- February 7 – Wladyslaw Gomulka is expelled from central council of the Polish communist party
- February 8 - A new stock market index called the Nasdaq debuts
- February 9 - The 6.4 on the Richter Scale Sylmar earthquake hits the San Fernando Valley area of California.
- February 9 - Satchel Paige becomes the first Negro League player to become voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame
- February 9 - Apollo program: Apollo 14 returns to Earth after the third manned moon landing
- February 11 - US, UK, USSR, others sign Seabed Treaty outlawing nuclear weapons.
- February 11-12 – Palestinian and Jordanian fighters clash in Amman
- February 13 - Vietnam War: Backed by American air and artillery support, South Vietnamese troops invade Laos.
- February 15 - "Decimalisation Day" - United Kingdom and Ireland both switch to decimal currency. See also decimalisation.
- February 15 – Angry Belgian farmers crash the EEC meeting in Brussels with three live cows with them
- February 16 – In Italy, local parliament elects the city of Catanzaro as the capital of Calabria – residents of Reggio di Calabria riot for five days because of the decision
- February 20 – 50 tornadoes rage in Mississippi – 74 dead
- February 20 - US Emergency Broadcast System sends an erroneous warning - many radio stations just ignore it
- February 21 - The Convention on Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna.
- February 26 - Secretary-General U Thant signs United Nations proclamation of the vernal equinox as Earth Day.
- February 27 - Doctors in the first Dutch abortion clinic (Mildredhuis in Arnhem) start to perform abortus provocatus

March

- March 1 - Bomb explodes in men's room in the White House - Weather Underground claims responsibility.
- March 1 - Pakistani President Yahya Khan indefinitely postponed the pending national assembly session, precipitating massive civil disobedience in East Pakistan.
- March 1 - Canadian John Robarts ends his term of office as 17th premier of Ontario
- March 5 – Pakistani army occupies the East Pakistan
- March 7 – Strike of British postal workers ends after 47 days
- March 10 - Twenty-sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution lowers voting age to 18.
- March 12 - Hafez al-Assad becomes president of Syria.
- March 16 – Government of Trygve Bratteli in Norway
- March 18 - A landslide at Chungar, Peru crashes into Lake Yanahuani killing 200
- March 23 – Military coup in Argentina – general Alejandro Lanusse takes power
- March 25 – Pakistani army starts massive killing in East Pakistan, which is now Bangladesh, after an open, non-democratic denial by Pakistani president Yahiya Khan, a military ruler, of election results that gave Awami League an overwhelming majority in the parliament.
- March 26 - The Independence Day of Bangladesh.
- March 29 - Filming begins on The Godfather. Shooting starts on Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather. The movie, released in 1972, won Oscars for Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Screenplay.
- March 29 - William Calley is found guilty of 22 murders in My Lai massacre and sentenced to life in prison. He is later pardoned.
- March 29 - A Los Angeles, California jury recommends the death penalty for Charles Manson and three female followers.

April

- April 1 - United Kingdom lifts all restrictions on gold ownership
- April 5 – In Ceylon, group calling himself People’s Liberation Front begins a rebellion against Bandaranaike government
- April 5 – Chile and East Germany form diplomatic relations
- April 5 - Mount Etna erupts
- April 7 – Greece releases 261 political prisoners, 50 of which are sent to internal exile
- April 8 – Right-wing coup attempt exposed in Laos
- April 9 - Charles Manson is sentenced to death but the sentence is commuted to life imprisonment.
- April 12 – Palestinians retreat from Amman to north of Jordan
- April 17 – Bangladesh makes official declaration of independence but Pakistani troops continue the fighting
- April 17 - Libya, Syria and Egypt sign an agreement to form a confederation.
- April 19 – Government of Bangladesh flees to India
- April 19 – Sierra Leone becomes a republic
- April 19 – Unemployment in UK is 3.4%
- April 19 - Soviet Union launches Saljut I.
- April 19 - Followers of Charles Manson, the Manson Family, are sentenced to gas chamber.
- April 20 - Supreme Court of the United States rules unanimously that busing of students may be ordered to achieve racial desegregation.
- April 20 – Cambodian Prime Minister Lon Nol resigns
- April 21 – Siaka Stevens is elected the first president of Sierra Leone
- April 21 – François Duvalier, president of Haiti, dies—his son Jean-Claude Duvalier follows him as president-for-life
- April 24 – Soyuz 10 docks with Salyut 1
- April 24 – 500,000 people in Washington DC and 125,000 in San Francisco march against the Vietnam War
- April 24 - Tsunami 85 m high rises over Ryukyu Islands in Japan. It throws a 750-ton block of coral 2.5 km inland
- April 25 – Todor Zhivkov re-elected as the leader of the Bulgarian communist party
- April 25 – Franz Jonas re-elected as the new chancellor of Austria
- April 26 – Government of Turkey declares the state of siege in 11 provinces, Ankara included, because of violent demonstrations
- April 29 – Bolivia nationalizes American-owned zinc mine of Matilde
- April 29 - The third anniversary of the Broadway musical Hair was celebrated with a concert at a Central Park bandshell.

May

- May 1 - Amtrak begins operation of intercity rail passenger service in the United States
- May 1 – Ceylonese government promises amnesty for those guerillas who surrender before April 5
- May 2 – in Ceylon left-wing guerillas launch a series of assaults against public buildings
- May 3 – Harris public opinion poll claims that 60% of Americans are against the war in Vietnam
- May 3 – East German leader Walter Ulbricht resigns as a party leader but retains the positions of the head of state
- May 3 - Anti-war militants attempt to disrupt government business in Washington, D.C.; police and military units arrest as many as 12,000, most of whom are later released.
- May 3 - All Things Considered, National Public Radio's flagship news program, broadcasts for the first time.
- May 5 – US dollar floods the European currency markets and threatens especially the Deutsche Mark – Central banks of Austria, Belgium, Netherlands and Switzerland stop the currency trading
- May 6 – Ceylon government begins a major offensive against the People's Liberation Front
- May 9 – Launch of Mariner 8 fails
- May 12 – Earthquake in Turkey destroys most of the city of Burdur
- May 15 – Israeli ambassador to Turkey, Efraim Elrom, is kidnapped. He is found killed in Istanbul May 25
- May 16 – Coup attempt exposed and foiled in Egypt
- May 19 - Mars probe program: Mars 2 is launched by the Soviet Union
- May 26 – Austria and People's Republic of China form diplomatic relations
- May 26 - Qantas agrees to pay $500,000 to Bomb hoaxer-extortionist Mr Brown (Peter Marcini) (Later Arrested)
- May 27 – Six armed passengers hijack Romanian passenger plane and force it to fly to Vienna
- May 27 - Christie's auctions diamond later known as Deepdene - it is later found to be artificially colored
- May 28 – Portugal resigns from UNESCO
- May 30 - Mariner program: Mariner 9 is launched toward Mars
- May 31 - The birth of a new country, Bangladesh, is declared by the government in exile from territory formerly part of Pakistan.

June

- June 1 - Vietnam War: Vietnam Veterans for a Just Peace, claiming to represent the majority of U.S. veterans who served in southeast Asia, speak against war protests
- June 6 - Soyuz program: Soyuz 11 launches.
- June 6 - A midair collision between a Hughes Airwest Douglas DC-9 jetliner and a U.S. Marine Corps McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom jet fighter near Duarte, California claims 50 lives.
- June 10 – USA ends trade embargo of China.
- June 13 - Vietnam War: The New York Times begins to publish the Pentagon Papers. [http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/48.htm].
- June 13 - Gijs van Lennep wins the 24 hours of Le Mans together with Helmet Marko.
- June 14 - Norway begins oil production in North Sea.
- June 17 - Representatives of Japan and the United States sign the Okinawa Reversion Agreement, setting out a plan where the U.S. would return control of Okinawa.[http://www.niraikanai.wwma.net/pages/archive/rev71.html]
- June 20 – Britain announces that Soviet space scientist Anatoli Fedosejev has been granted asylum.
- June 21 – Britain begins new negotiations for EEC membership in Luxembourg.
- June 25 – Madagascar accuses USA of being connected to the plot to oust the current government – USA recalls its ambassador.
- June 28 - Assassin Jerome A. Johnson shoots Joe Colombo to the head in a middle of a Italian-American rally. Colombo goes into coma.
- June 30 - After a successful mission aboard Salyut 1, the world's first manned space station, the crew of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft are killed when their air supply leaks out through a faulty valve.

July

- July 3 - Doors musician Jim Morrison in found dead in his Paris apartment.
- July 5 - Right to vote: The voting age in the United States is reduced from 21 to 18 (provision of the 26th Amendment formally certified by President Richard Nixon on this day).
- July 9 - United Kingdom increases its troops in Northern Ireland to 11,000.
- July 10-11 – Coup attempt in Morocco - 1400 cadets take over the king's palace for three hours and kill 28 people; 158 rebels die when king's troops storm the palace. Ten high-ranking officers are later executed for involvement.
- July 13 – Ólafur Jóhannesson's government in Iceland.
- July 13 – Jordanian army troops launch offensive against Palestinian guerillas in Jordan.
- July 14 – Libya severs its diplomatic ties to Morocco.
- July 14 – Yugoslavian government allows foreign companies to take their profits from the country.
- July 16 - Francisco Franco makes Prince Juan Carlos his successor.
- July 16 - The four billionth baby was born. (see World Population).
- July 17 – Italy and Austria sign a treaty that ends the schism about South Tyrol.
- July 18 – Trucial States formed in the Persian Gulf.
- July 19-23 – Military coup in Sudan ousts Jaafar Muhammad al-Nemieri and major Hashem al-Atta takes over. Fighting continues until on July 22 pro-Nimeiri troops win. Al-Atta and 3 officers are executed July 23. Nimeiri launches an anti-communist campaign.
- July 26 - Apollo program: Launch of Apollo 15. On July 31 the Apollo 15 astronauts become the first to ride in a lunar rover a day after landing on the surface.
- July 28 - Abdel Madgoub, Sudanese communist leader, is hanged.
- July 29 - The United Kingdom opts out of the Space Race with the cancellation of its Black Arrow launch vehicle.
- July 30 – In Japan, an All Nippon Airways Boeing 727 collides with a Japanese fighter jet – 162 dead.

August

- August 9 - India signs a twenty year treaty of friendship and cooperation with the Soviet Union.
- August 9 - British security forces in Northern Ireland detain hundreds of guerilla suspects and put them into Long Kesh - the beginning of an internment without trial policy. 20 die in riots that follow.
- August 12 – 3000 people from Belfast and Londonderry flee to Ireland because of the violence
- August 12 – Syria severs diplomatic relations to Jordan because of border clashes
- August 14 – British troops stationed on Ireland border to stop arms smuggling
- August 14 - Emirate of Bahrain declares independence
- August 15 – Number of British troops in Northern Ireland rises to 12,500
- August 15 - President Richard Nixon announces that the United States would no longer convert dollars to gold at a fixed value, effectively ending the Bretton Woods system
- August 18 - Vietnam War: Australia and New Zealand decide to withdraw their troops from Vietnam
- August 18 – British troops in firefight in Londonderry
- August 19-22 – Right-wing coup ignites a rebellion in Bolivia. Miners and students join troops to support president Juan Jose Torres but eventually Hugo Banzer takes over
- August 25 – Border clashes between Tanzania and Uganda
- August 25 – Large flood in Bangladesh and eastern Bengal – thousands flee the area
- August 26 - Civilian government in Greece.
- August 30 - The Alberta Progressive Conservatives under Peter Lougheed defeat the Social Credit government under Harry E. Strom in a general election, ending 36 years of uninterrupted power for Social Credit in Alberta.

September

- September 3 - Qatar regains independence from the United Kingdom
- September 3 - Manlio Brosio resigns as secterary general of NATO
- September 4 - A Boeing 727 carrying Alaska Airlines Flight 1866 crashes into the side of a mountain near Juneau, Alaska killing all 111 people on board
- September 8 - In Washington, DC, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is inaugurated with the opening feature being the premiere of Leonard Bernstein's Mass
- September 9 - 13 - Attica Prison riots - Revolt at the maximum-security prison in Attica, New York. In the end, state police and National Guard storm the facility - 42 dead, 10 of them hostages
- September 21 - Pakistan declares state of emergency
- September 24 - Britain expels 90 KGB and GRU officials and 15 are not allowed to return
- September 27 - October 11 - Emperor Hirohito travels abroad.
- September 28 - Cardinal Mindszenty, who has resided in US embassy in Budapest from 1956 is allowed to move out of Hungary.
- September 29 - Cyclone and tsunami in the Bay of Bengal in Orissa State in India kills 10,000.

October

- October 1 - Walt Disney World opens.
- October 20 - Dannii Minogue born.
- October 21 - President Nixon nominated Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. and William H. Rehnquist to the U.S. Supreme Court.
- October 21 - Gas explosion in Clarkston, Glasgow kills 20 people.
- October 25 - The United Nations General Assembly admits the People's Republic of China and expels the Republic of China (on Taiwan).
- October 27 - Democratic Republic of the Congo is renamed Zaire.
- October 28 - British House of Commons votes in favour of joining the EEC by 356-244.
- October 28 - The United Kingdom becomes the 6th nation to launch a satellite into orbit, the Prospero X-3.
- October 29 - Vietnam War: Vietnamization - The total number of American troops still in Vietnam drops to a record low of 196,700 (lowest since January 1966)
- October 30 - Rev. Ian Paisley's Democratic Unionist Party founded in Northern Ireland.
- October 31 - A bomb explodes at the top of the Post Office Tower in London.

November

- November 3 - The UNIX Programmer's Manual is published
- November 6 - US nuclear bomb test in Aleuts.
- November 10 - In Cambodia, Khmer Rouge forces attack the city Phnom Penh and its airport, killing 44, wounding at least 30 and damaging nine airplanes.
- November 12 - Vietnam War: Vietnamization - US President Richard M. Nixon sets February 1, 1972 as the deadline for the removal of another 45,000 American troops from Vietnam.
- November 13 - Mariner program: Mariner 9 becomes the first spacecraft to enter Mars orbit successfully
- November 15 - Intel releases world's first microprocessor, the 4004.
- November 23 - The People's Republic of China is given the Republic of China's seat on the United Nations Security Council (see China and the United Nations)
- November 24 - During a severe thunderstorm over Washington, a man calling himself D.B. Cooper parachutes from the Northwest Orient Airlines plane he hijacked with US$200,000 in ransom money (he was never heard from again)
- November 24 - Brussels court sentences would-be-pretender Alexis Brimeyer to 18 months in jail for falsely using a noble title; Brimeyer has already fled to Greece

December

- December 1 - Cambodian Civil War: Khmer Rouge rebels intensify assaults on Cambodian government positions, forcing their retreat from Kompong Thmar and nearby Ba Ray, 10 kilometers northeast of Phnom Penh
- December 2 - Six Sheikdoms in Persian Gulf founds United Arab Emirates.
- December 3 - The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 begins as Pakistan attacks eight India airbases. The next day India launches a massive invasion of East Pakistan.
- December 3- 4 night - Indian navy destroyer INS Rajput sinks Pakistani submarine PNS Ghazi (former USS Diablo)
- December 8 - US President Richard Nixon orders the 7th Fleet to move towards the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean.
- December 14 - Facing defeat in the war, Pakistan Army kills hundreds of Bangladeshi Intellectuals.
- December 16 - Victory Day of Bangladesh (Pakistan Army surrenders to the Mitro Bahini, ending Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 simultaneously).
- December 18 - US dollar devalued for the second time in US history.
- December 18 - World's largest hydroelectric plant in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, begins operations.
- December 29 - The United Kingdom gives up its military bases in Malta.

unknown dates

- Don't Make A Wave Committee changes its name to Greenpeace.
- Ray Tomlinson sends the first e-mail.
- Libertarian party established in USA.
- Free State of Christiania is founded.
- Intelsat IV
- Seychelles International Airport in Victoria, Seychelles (Mahe) is completed.
- Knapp Commission
- Johnny Cash, the American country and western singer, writes a song titled The Man in Black.
- US 48 continental states crude oil production peaks at approximately 4.5 million barrels/day.
- Center for Science in the Public Interest established.
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism established.

Births

January-April

- January 2 - Lisa Harrison, American basketball player
- January 7 - Chavo Guerrero Jr., American professional wrestler
- January 8 - Jason Giambi, baseball player
- January 9 - Scott Thornton, Canadian hockey player
- January 11 - Mary J. Blige, American singer
- January 17 - Leonardo Ciampa, American composer
- January 17 - Kid Rock, American singer
- January 18 - Jon Davis, American singer (Korn)
- January 19 - Shawn Wayans, American actor, writer, and producer
- January 19 - John Wozniak, American singer and songwriter (Marcy Playground)
- January 21 - Alan McManus, Scottish snooker player
- January 25 - Luca Badoer, Italian race car driver
- January 27 - Fann Wong, Chinese actress, model, and singer (Shanghai Knights)
- February 1 - Jill Kelly, American actress
- February 3 - Sarah Kane, English playwright (d. 1999)
- February 5 - Sara Evans, American singer
- February 10 - Lisa Marie Varon, American professional wrestler
- February 17 - Denise Richards, American actress
- February 25 - Sean Astin, American actor
- February 26 - Erykah Badu, American singer
- February 28 - Tristan Louis, Internet entrepreneur
- March 5 - John Frusciante, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
- March 10 - Ugonna Wachuku, Nigerian writer
- March 11 - Johnny Knoxville, American television personality
- March 23 - Karen McDougal, American model
- March 26 - Behzad Ghorbani, Iranian scientist
- March 27 - David Coulthard, Scottish race car driver
- March 31 - Pavel Bure, Russian hockey player
- March 31 - Ewan McGregor, Scottish actor
- April 1 - Method Man, American rapper
- April 2 - Todd Woodbridge, Australian tennis player
- April 12 - Shannon Doherty, American actress
- April 16 - Selena Quintanilla, American singer (d. 1995)
- April 20 - Carla Geurts, Dutch swimmer

May-August

- May 8 - Candice Night, American singer
- May 20 - Tony Stewart, American race car driver
- May 25 - Sonya Smith, American actress
- May 26 - Matt Stone, American television producer
- May 27 - Paul Bettany, British actor
- June 2 - Anthony Montgomery, American actor
- June 5 - Mark Wahlberg, American actor and singer
- June 8 - Troy Vincent, American football player
- June 10 - Joel Hailey, American singer (Jodeci)
- June 16 - Derek R. Audette, Canadian musician, artist, and poet
- June 16 - Tupac Shakur, American rapper, poet, and actor (d. 1996)
- June 22 - Kurt Warner, American football player
- June 27 - Dipendra of Nepal, King of Nepal (d. 2001)
- June 28 - Norika Fujiwara, Japanese actress and television-personality
- July 1 - Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott, American singer
- July 9 - Marc Andreessen, American software developer
- July 12 - Kristi Yamaguchi, American figure skater
- July 17 - Cory Doctorow, Canadian author and activist
- July 23 - Dalvin DeGrate, American singer and producer (Jodeci)
- July 22 - Kristine Lilly, American soccer player
- August 4 - Jeff Gordon, American race car driver
- August 6 - Merrin Dungey, American actress
- August 10 - Roy Keane, Irish footballer
- August 10 - Mario César Kindelán Mesa, Cuban amateur boxer
- August 12 - Pete Sampras, American tennis player
- August 17 - Jorge Posada, Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player
- August 18 - Richard D James, Irish musician
- August 26 - Thalía, Mexican actress
- August 28 -

1977

:For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). 1977 (MCMLXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1977 calendar).

Events

January-February

- January 1 - First woman Episcopal priest ordained.
- January 10 - Major eruption of Mount Nyiragongo in eastern Zaire.
- January 17 - Gary Gilmore executed by a firing squad in Utah
- January 18 - Scientists identify a previously unknown bacterium as the cause of the mysterious "legionnaire's disease"
- January 18 - Australia experiences its worst railway disaster at Granville, near Sydney, in which 83 people died.
- January 19 - President Gerald Ford pardons Iva Toguri D'Aquino (aka "Tokyo Rose").
- January 19 - Snow falls in Miami, Florida. This is the only time in the history of the city that this occurred, and the farthest south a snowfall has been recorded in the United States.
- January 20 - Gerald Rudolph Ford, 38th President of the United States is succeeded by Jimmy Carter.
- January 21 - President Jimmy Carter pardons Vietnam War draft evaders.
- January 27 - Record company EMI sacks the controversial UK punk rock group the Sex Pistols.
- February 7 - The Soviet Union launches Soyuz 24.
- February 11 - A 20.2-kg (44-lb.-9-oz.) lobster is caught off Nova Scotia (heaviest known crustacean).
- February 18 - The Space Shuttle Enterprise test vehicle goes on its maiden "flight" while sitting on top of a Boeing 747.

March-April

- March 1 - Sara Lowndes Dylan files for divorce from her husband of 11 years, Bob Dylan
- March 4 - 1977 Bucharest Earthquake - kills more than 1,500
- March 9 - Approximately a dozen armed Hanafi Muslims take over three buildings in Washington, DC, killing one person and taking more than 130 hostages. The hostage situation ends two days later.
- March 27 - A collision between KLM and PanAm Boeing 747s at Tenerife, Canary Islands, kills 583, worst plane crash ever
- April 1 - Hay-on-Wye declares independence
- April 7 - German Federal Prosecutor Siegfried Buback and his driver are shot by two Red Army Faction members while waiting at a red light near his home in Karlsruhe. "The Ulrike Meinhof Commando" later claims responsibility
- April 7 - Toronto Blue Jays play their first-ever game of baseball against the Chicago White Sox
- April 28 - Stuttgart court sentences RAF members Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin and Jan-Carl Raspe to life imprisonment

May-June

- May 17 - The Likud lead by Menachem Begin wins the elections in Israel.
- May 23 - Scientists report using bacteria in lab to make insulin
- May 23 - Moluccan terrorists take over a school in Bovensmilde, northern Netherlands (105 hostages) and a passenger train in Bovensmilde-Assen route nearby (90 hostages) at the same time. June 11 Dutch Royal Marines storm the train - six terrorists and two hostages are killed
- May 25 - Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope opens in theaters.
- May 26 - George Willig climbed the South Tower of the World Trade Center.
- May 28 - In Southgate, Kentucky, the Beverly Hills Supper Club is engulfed in fire, killing 165 inside.
- June 5 - A coup takes place in Seychelles.
- June 7 - After campaigning by Anita Bryant and her anti-Gay "Save Our Children" crusade, Dade County, Florida voters overwhelmingly vote to repeal the county's Gay rights ordinance, igniting a wave of violence against Gays across the United States.
- June 6-June 9 - Jubilee celebrations are held in the United Kingdom to celebrate twenty-five years of Elizabeth II's reign.
- June 10 - James Earl Ray escapes from Brushy Mountain State Prison in Petros, Tennessee (he was recaptured on June 13).
- June 15 - Spain has its first democratic elections after 41 years under the Franco regime.
- June 20 - The Supreme Court of the United States rules that states are not required to spend Medicaid funds on elective abortions.
- June 20 - Anglia Television broadcasts fake documentary "Alternative 3". it enters into conspiracy theory canon.
- June 22 - Robert Hillsborough, a Gay San Franciscan, is brutally stabbed to death just steps from his home by four youths, calling him "fag" and "queer" and allegedly shouting "this one's for Anita Bryant".
- June 25 - US man Roy Sullivan in struck by lightning for the 7th time
- June 26 - Some 200,000 Gays march through the streets of San Francisco, protesting Anita Bryant's homophobia and Robert Hillsborough's murder.

July-August

- July 4 - Manchester United manager Tommy Docherty is sensationally sacked by the club's directors.
- July 5 - Military coup in Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto the very first elected Prime Minster of Pakistan overthrown.
- July 13 - The New York City Blackout of 1977 lasts for 25 hours and results in looting and other disorder.
- July 15 - Anti Drugs Campainer Donald Mackay disappears near Griffith N.S.W (New South Wales) presumed Murdered
- July 22 - The purged Chinese communist leader Deng Xiaoping is restored to power as the "Gang of Four" is expelled from the Communist Party of China.
- July 28 - First oil through the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System reaches Valdez, Alaska
- July 30 - Left-wing German terrorists Susanne Albrecht[http://www.baader-meinhof.com/who/terrorists/raf/albrechtsusanne.html], Brigitte Mohnhaupt[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Mohnhaupt] and a third person assassinate Jürgen Ponto[http://www.dresdner-bank.com/content/03_unternehmen/05_gesellschaftliches_engagement/02_ponto_stiftung/], chairman of the Dresdner Bank in Oberursel, West Germany
- August 3 - United States Senate Hearing on MKULTRA.
- August 4 - US President Jimmy Carter signs legislation creating the United States Department of Energy
- August 12 - NASA space shuttle makes its first test flight off the back of a jetliner
- August 15 - The Big Ear, a radio telescope operated by The Ohio State University as part of the SETI project, receives a radio signal from deep space; the event is named the "WOW!" signal for notation made by a volunteer on the project.
- August 16 - Rock singer Elvis Presley dies in Tennessee.
- August 19 - Groucho Marx dies.
- August 19 - Indonesia Earthquake and Tsunami of 1977
- August 20 - Voyager program: The United States launches the Voyager 2 spacecraft

September

- September 5 - Voyager program: Voyager 1 is launched after a brief delay
- September 5 - Hanns-Martin Schleyer, President of the Employers Association, is kidnapped in Cologne, West Germany. Kidnappers kill three escorting police officers and his chauffeur. They demand release of Red Army Faction prisoners
- September 6 - (approx) - Steve Biko suffers a massive head injury in police custody in South Africa.
- September 7 - Treaties between Panama and the United States on the status of the Panama Canal are signed. The US agrees to transfer control of the canal to Panama at the end of the 20th century
- September 8 - INTERPOL issues a resolution against piracy of video tapes and other material, which is still cited in warnings on videotapes and DVDs now.
- September 10 - Hamida Djandoubi is the last guillotine execution in France.
- September 11 - The last "wild" infection of smallpox is reported in Somalia.
- September 12 - Steve Biko dies of his injuries.
- September 21 - Nuclear-proliferation pact, curbing spread of nuclear weapons, is signed by 15 countries including the United States and USSR.
- September 28 - Porsche 928 debuts at the Geneva Auto Convention

October-December

- October 13 - Four Palestinians hijack a Lufthansa Airlines flight to Somalia and demand release of 11 members of the Red Army Faction. See German Autumn
- October 17-October 18 - GSG-9 troopers storm a hijacked Lufthansa passenger plane in Mogadishu, Somalia - three of the four hijackers die
- October 18 - Red Army Faction members Andreas Baader, Jan-Carl Raspe and Gudrun Ensslin commit suicide in Stammheim prison. Irmgard Möller fails. Their supporters continue to claim they were murdered. Bodies are buried October 27
- October 19 - Kidnapped industrialist Hanns-Martin Schleyer is found killed in Mulhoull, France
- October 20 - Three members of rock group Lynyrd Skynyrd die in charter plane crash
- October 21 - The European Patent Institute is founded
- October 26 - The last natural case of smallpox was discovered in Merca district, Somalia. The WHO and the CDC consider this date the anniversary of the eradication of smallpox, the most spectacular success of vaccination and, by extension, of modern science.
- November 6 - The Kelly Barnes Dam, located above Toccoa Falls Bible College near Toccoa, Georgia, fails, killing 39
- November 19 - Egyptian President Anwar Sadat becomes the first Arab leader to officially visit Israel when he meets with Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin and speaks before the Knesset in Jerusalem, seeking a permanent peace settlement (much of the Arab world is outraged by the visit).
- November 22 - British Airways inaugurates regular London to New York City supersonic Concorde service
- December 1 - First flight of Lockheed's top-secret stealth project aircraft designated Have Blue, the precursor to the US F-117A Nighthawk.
- December 4 - Jean-Bédel Bokassa, president of the Central African Republic, crowns himself Emperor.
- December 4 - Malaysia Airlines Flight 653 is hijacked and crashed in Johor, Malaysia, killing 100.

Unknown dates

- 2060 Chiron, first of the outer solar system asteroids known as Centaurs, discovered by Charlie Kowal.
- Color TV Game 6 is created by Nintendo.
- Portugal's traditional naming conventions change such that children's surnames can come from either the mother or the father, not just from the father.

Births

January-March

- January 7 - Dustin Diamond, American actor
- January 8 - Amber Benson, American actress
- January 13 - Orlando Bloom, British actor
- January 22 - Hidetoshi Nakata, Japanese footballer
- January 26 - Vince Carter, American basketball player
- January 28 - Daunte Culpepper, American football player
- January 28 - Joey Fatone, American musician
- February 2 - Shakira, Colombian musician
- February 3 - Daddy Yankee, Latin Reggaeton musician
- February 5 - Ben Ainslie, British sailor
- February 8 - Yucef Merhi, Venezuelan artist
- February 11 - Randy Moss, American football player
- February 11 - Mike Shinoda, American musician
- February 16 - Ian Clarke, Irish computer scientist
- February 20 - Stephon Marbury, American basketball player
- February 21 - Kevin Rose, American television host
- March 1 - Rens Blom, Dutch athlete
- March 5 - Wally Szczerbiak, Spanish-born basketball player
- March 7 - Mitja Zastrow, German-born swimmer
- March 14 - Mervyn Colley, British kabbalist and ceremonial magician
- March 28 - Devon, American actress

April-June

- April 13 - Gerard Way, American singer (My Chemical Romance)
- April 14 - Sarah Michelle Gellar, American actress
- April 14 - Chandra Levy, American federal government intern (d. 2001)
- April 21 - Jamie Salé, Canadian figure skater
- April 22 - Andruw Jones, Antillean baseball player
- April 23 - John Cena, American professional wrestler
- April 24 - Carlos Beltrán, Puerto Rican baseball player
- April 26 - Tom Welling, American actor
- May 13 - Samantha Morton, British actress
- May 14 - Roy Halladay, American baseball player
- May 14 - Ada Nicodemou, Australian actress
- May 23 - Ilia Kulik, Russian figure skater
- May 26 - Misaki Ito, Japanese actress
- June 1 - Danielle Harris, American voice actress
- June 8 - Kanye West, American rapper and record producer
- June 9 - Peja Stojakovic, Serbian basketball player
- June 14 - Chris McAlister, American football player
- June 16 - Kerry Wood, American baseball player
- June 19 - Peter Warrick, American football player
- June 20 - Stefán H. Ófeigsson, Icelandic space engineer.
- June 27 - Raúl, Spanish footballer

July-November

- July 1 - Jarome Iginla, Canadian hockey player
- July 1 - Liv Tyler, American actress
- July 8 - Milo Ventimiglia, American actor
- July 8 - Wang Zhizhi, Chinese basketball player
- July 10 - Schapelle Corby, Australian in Indonesian prison
- July 14 - Victoria, Princess of Sweden
- July 27 - Martha Anne Madison, American actress
- July 28 - Emanuel Ginóbili, Argentine basketball player
- July 31 - Tim Couch, American football player
- August 2 - Dave Farrel, American musician
- August 3 - Angela Beesley, British Internet entrepreneur
- August 3 - Tom Brady, American football player
- August 9 - Chamique Holdsclaw, American basketball player
- August 12 - Plaxico Burress, American football player
- August 13 - Michael Klim, Australian swimmer
- August 15 - Igor Cassina, Italian gymnast
- August 17 - Thierry Henry, French footballer
- August 25 - Jonathan Togo, American actor
- August 27 - Deco, Portuguese footballer
- September 1 - Aaron Schobel, American football player
- September 11 - Ludacris, American rapper
- September 13 - Fiona Apple, American musician
- September 28 - Se Ri Pak, South Korean golfer
- October 7 - Meighan Desmond, New Zealand actress
- October 11 - Claudia Palacios, Colombian journalist and newsreader
- October 14 - Kelly Schumacher, Canadian basketball player
- October 25 - Birgit Prinz, German footballer
- October 29 - Brendan Fehr, Canadian actor
- November 1 - Alistair Griffin, British singer/songwriter
- November 2 - Randy Harrison, American actor
- November 3 - Aria Giovanni, American model and actress
- November 10 - Brittany Murphy, American actress
- November 13 - Chanel Cole, New Zealand-born singer
- November 16 - Oksana Baiul, Ukrainian figure skater
- November 17 - Ryk Neethling, South African swimmer
- November 19 - Kerri Strug, American gymnast
- November 21 - Jonas Jennings, American football player
- November 28 - DeMya Walker, American basketball player

December

- December - Ahmed al-Nami, Saudi Arabian hijacker (d. 2001)
- December 3 - Adam Malysz, Polish ski jumper
- December 7 - Fernando Vargas, American boxer
- December 12 - Dahm triplets:
- December 12 - Erica, American model
- December 12 - Jaclyn, American model
- December 12 - Nicole, American model
- December 18 - Ryan Scott Ottney, American comic book writer
- December 23 - Alge Crumpler, American football player
- December 30 - Laila Ali, American boxer
- December 30 - Kenyon Martin, basketball player

Deaths

January-March

- January 2 - Errol Garner, American musician (b. 1921)
- January 14 - Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1897)
- January 14 - Peter Finch, English-born actor (b. 1916)
- January 14 - Anaïs Nin, French author (b. 1903)
- January 17 - Gary Gilmore, American murderer (executed) (b. 1940)
- January 19 - Yvonne Printemps, French singer and actress (b. 1895)
- January 29 - Buster Nupen, South African cricketer (b. 1902)
- January 29 - Freddie Prinze, American actor and comedian (b. 1954)
- February 4 - Brett Halliday, American writer (b. 1904)
- February 11 - Louis Beel, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1902)
- February 27 - Allison Hayes, American actress (b. 1930)
- February 28 - Eddie 'Rochester' Anderson, American actor (b. 1905)
- March 4 - Andrés Caicedo, Colombian writer (b. 1951)
- March 11 - Ulysses S. Grant IV, American geologist and paleontologist (b. 1893)
- March 16 - Kamal Jumblatt, leader of the Lebanese Druze (b. 1917)
- March 18 - Marien Ngouabi, President of The Republic of the Congo (assassinated) (b. 1938)
- March 22 - A.K. Gopalan, Indian communist leader (d. 1904)

April-August

- April 21 - Gummo Marx, American actor and comedian (b. 1892)
- May 5 - Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1897)
- May 10 - Joan Crawford, American actress (b. 1905)
- June 3 - Archibald Vivian Hill, English physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1886)
- June 16 - Werner von Braun, German-born rocket scientist (b. 1912)
- June 19 - Lady Olave Baden-Powell, English Chief Girl Guide (b. 1889)
- June 19 - Ali Shariati, Iranian sociologist (b. 1933)
- July 2 - Vladimir Nabokov, Russian-born writer (b. 1899)
- July 13 - Carl Gustav von Rosen, Swedish pilot (b. 1909)
- July 23 - Arsenio Erico, Paraguayan footballer (b. 1915)
- August 4 - Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian, English physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1889)
- August 14 - Ron Haydock, American actor, writer, and musician (b. 1940)
- August 16 - Elvis Presley, American singer and actor (b. 1935)
- August 19 - Groucho Marx, American actor and comedian (b. 1890)

September-December

- September 1 - Ethel Waters, American singer (b. 1896)
- September 6 - John Edensor Littlewood, British mathematician (b. 1885)
- September 12 - Steve Biko, South African activist (b. 1946)
- September 13 - Leopold Stokowski, English conductor (b. 1882)
- September 16 - Marc Bolan, English musician (b. 1947)
- September 16 - Maria Callas, American-born soprano (b. 1923)
- October 14 - Bing Crosby, American singer and actor (b. 1903)
- October 20 - Members of the American rock group Lynyrd Skynyrd killed in a plane crash:
- Cassie Gaines (b. 1948)
- Steve Gaines (b. 1949)
- Ronnie Van Zant (b. 1948)
- November 5 - René Goscinny, French comic book writer (b. 1926)
- November 8 - Bucky Harris, baseball player (b. 1896)
- November 11 - Greta Keller, Vienna-born cabaret singer and actress (b. 1903)
- November 15 - Princess Charlotte of Monaco (b. 1898)
- November 25 - Tommy Prince, Canadian war hero (b. 1915)
- December 19 - Jacques Tourneur, French director (b. 1904)
- December 25 - Charlie Chaplin, English-born comedian (b. 1889)

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Nevill Francis Mott, John Hasbrouck van Vleck
- Chemistry - Ilya Prigogine
- Physiology or Medicine - Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally, Rosalyn Yalow
- Literature - Vicente Aleixandre
- Peace - Amnesty International
- Economics - Bertil Ohlin, James Meade

Templeton Prize

- Chiara Lubich Category:1977 als:1977 ko:1977년 ja:1977年 simple:1977 th:พ.ศ. 2520

Democratic Party (United States)

History

Beginnings

Antebellum

Civil War and Reconstruction

Populism and Republican dominance

The New Deal

Civil Rights Movement

1970s

1980s

1990s

21st century

Factions

Centrists

Progressives

Labor

Liberals

Conservatives

Notable groups

Issues

Symbols

Biography

Adams was born in Braintree, Massachusetts in a part of town which eventually became the separate town of Quincy. His birthplace is open to the public, as is the nearby cairn marking the site from which he viewed the Battle of Bunker Hill as a 7-year-old boy. He acquired his early education in Europe at venerable institutions such as the University of Leiden while accompanying his father while the elder Adams was serving as an American envoy to France and later the Netherlands during the Revolutionary War. He graduated from Harvard University in 1787 and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He studied law after which he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Boston. President George Washington appointed him Minister to the Netherlands in 1794, Minister to Portugal in 1796 and Minister to Prussia in 1797. While serving abroad, he met Louisa Catherine Johnson, the daughter of an American merchant living abroad. Despite his father's opposition to him having a foreign-born wife, Adams wed Louisa Johnson in 1797. The couple named one of their sons after George Washington. (As of 2005, Adams is the only U.S. President to do so.) He afterwards returned to Quincy where he lived in the "Old House" (now a museum). He began his political career in 1802 when he was elected to the Massachusetts State Senate. Adams was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the U.S. House of Representatives in the same year. He was elected as a Federalist to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1803, until June 8, 1808, when he resigned, a successor having been elected six months early after Adams broke with the Federalist Party. He was Minister (Ambassador) to Russia from 1809 to 1814, a member of the commission which negotiated the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, and Minister to the United Kingdom from 1815 to 1817. During this time, Adams and his wife lost to illness an infant daughter, born in 1811. He was Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President James Monroe from 1817 to 1825, a tenure during which he was instrumental in the acquisition of Florida and in keeping the United States from becoming dependent on England. He was sometimes called the "Lone Wolf" for his positions during this time because he often did not go with everyone else's opinion. Typically, however, his alone were the ones that Monroe decided upon. As Secretary of State, he negotiated the Adams-Onís Treaty and helped develop the Monroe Doctrine, which warned European nations not to meddle in affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

Presidency

Election to Presidency

Monroe Doctrine Although Adams lost in both the popular and electoral votes in the Presidential election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which to the surprise of many elected Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Some say this was because of a bargain he struck with Henry Clay, which put Clay into office as his Secretary of State once Adams won. Adams served as President from March 4, 1825 to March 3, 1829. During this time he worked on developing a federal system of roads, canals, bridges, lighthouses, and universities until Jackson, who defeated Adams in the latter's quest for re-election, was sworn in to replace him.

Cabinet

Later life

Rather than retire, Adams would go on to win election as a Democratic-Republican to the House of Representatives beginning with the 22nd Congress, serving from March 4, 1831, until his death. He was chairman of the Committee on Manufactures (for the 22nd through 26th, 28th and 29th Congresses, respectively), the Committee on Indian Affairs (for the 27th Congress) and the Committee on Foreign Affairs (also for the 27th Congress). 1831 He was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Massachusetts in 1834. In 1841, Adams represented the Amistad Africans in the Supreme Court of the United States and successfully argued that the Africans, who had seized control of a Spanish ship where they were being held as illegal slaves, should not be returned to Spain, but returned home as free people. Adams's son Charles Francis also pursued a career in politics. Adams died of a cerebral hemorrhage on February 23, 1848 in the Capitol Building, Washington, D.C.. His interment was in the family burial ground at Quincy, Massachusetts and he was subsequently reinterred after his wife's death in a family crypt in the United First Parish Church across the street, where his tomb can be viewed today.

Trivia

- John Quincy Adams was the first President whose father was also President. The second father-son duo is Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush.
- He was the first U.S. President to wear long pants instead of knee britches.
- He was the first U.S. President to give an interview to a woman; however, he did not have much choice. Adams had repeatedly refused requests for an interview with Anne Royall, the first female professional journalist in the U.S., so she took a different approach to accomplish her goal. She learned that Adams liked to take nude dips in the Potomac River almost every morning around 5 a.m., so she went to the river, gathered his clothes and sat on them until he answered all of her questions.
- Adams County, Illinois seems to be named after Q. The County Seat is Quincy, Illinois.

Notes

- "Influential grand strategist": John Lewis Gaddis, Surprise, Security, and the American Experience (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004, ISBN 0674011740), p. 15. "Greatest secretary of state": [http://ap.grolier.com/article?assetid=0003430-00&templatename=/article/article.html Samuel Flagg Bemis].

External links

- [http://www.fff.org/freedom/1001e.asp July 4, 1821 Independence Day Speech]
- [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/qadams.htm Inaugural Address]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/jqadams.htm Biography of John Quincy Adams]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jqadams-1.html First State of the Union Address of John Quincy Adams]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jqadams-2.html Second State of the Union Address of John Quincy Adams]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jqadams-3.html Third State of the Union Address of John Quincy Adams]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jqadams-4.html Fourth State of the Union Address of John Quincy Adams]
-
- [http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/johnquincyadams.html Unitarian Universalist site - article on John Quincy Adams]
- [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ja6.html White House Biography] Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy ko:존 퀸시 애덤스 ja:ジョン・クィンシー・アダムズ simple:John Quincy Adams

1987

1987 (MCMLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January

- January 1 - Frobisher Bay, Northwest Territories, changes its name to Iqaluit. In 1999, it will become the capital of Nunavut.
- January 3 - Aretha Franklin becomes the first woman inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
- January 4 - An Amtrak train en route from Washington, DC to Boston collides with Conrail engines killing 16.
- January 5 - US President Ronald Reagan undergoes prostate surgery causing worries about his health.
- January 8 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 2,000 for the first time gaining 8.30 to close at 2,002.25.
- January 13 - New York mafiosi Anthony Salerno and Carmine Peruccia are sentenced for 100 years in prison for racketeering
- January 16 - Leon Cordero, president of Ecuador, is kidnapped by followers of imprisoned general Frank Vargas who successfully demand his release
- January 20 - Terry Waite, the special envoy of the Archbishop of Canterbury in Lebanon, is kidnapped in Beirut (released November 1991)
- January 22 - R. Budd Dwyer, Treasurer for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania shoots himself dead at a press conference after being found guilty on charges of bribery, fraud, conspiracy, and racketeering.
- January 24 - In Lebanon, gunmen kidnap Alann Steen, Jesse Turner, Robert Polhill and Mitheleshwar Singh.
- January 29 - William J. Casey ends his term as a director of CIA
- January 31 - The last Ohrbach's department store closes in New York City after 64 years of operation.

February-May

May
- February 11 - British Airways is privatised and listed on the London Stock Exchange.
- February 11 - Constitution of the Philippines goes into effect.
- February 11 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
- February 12 - Unabomber bomb explodes in Salt Lake City, Utah
- February 20 - Second Unabomber bomb explodes at the Salt Lake City computer store - owner injured
- February 23 - Supernova 1987a is observed, the first "naked-eye" supernova since 1604.
- February 26 - Iran-Contra affair: The Tower Commission rebukes American President Ronald Reagan for not controlling his national security staff.
- March 6 - A cross-channel ferry capsizes outside the harbor off Zeebrugge, Belgium - 180 drown
- April 13 - Portugal and China sign an agreement in which Macau would be returned to China in 1999.
- April 27 - US Department of Justice declares incumbent Austrian president Kurt Waldheim as an undesirable alien
- May 5 - Assemblies of God defrocks Jim Bakker
- May 8 - Gary Hart drops out of the running for the Democratic Party nomination in the 1988 U.S. presidential election, amid allegations of an extra-marital affair with Donna Rice
- May 11 - The first heart-lung transplant takes place (Baltimore, Maryland)
- May 11 - Klaus Barbie goes on trial in Lyon for war crimes committed during World War II
- May 14 - Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka executes a bloodless coup on the island of Fiji.
- May 17 - Iran-Iraq War: The USS Stark (FFG-31), while patrolling the Persian Gulf, is struck by two exocet missiles from an Iraqi F-1 Mirage fighter killing 37 sailors and injuring 21 other crew members
- May 28 - 19-year-old West German pilot Mathias Rust evades Soviet air defense and lands a private plane on Red Square in Moscow. He is immediately detained and was later released on Wednesday, August 3, 1988.

June-September

- The Federal Communications Commission rescinds the Fairness Doctrine which had required radio and television stations to "fairly" present controversial issues
- July 3 - In Soviet Union, Vladimir Nikolayev is sentenced to death for cannibalism
- July 4 - Court in Lyons sentences Klaus Barbie to life in prison
- July 11 - Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke's government is re-elected for a 3rd term
- July 17 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above the 2,500 mark for the first time at 2510.04.
- July 22 - Palestine cartoonist Naji Salim al-Ali is fatally shot in London. He dies August 28
- July 31 - 400 Iranian pilgrims die in clashes with Saudi Arabian security forces in Mecca
- August 9- 9 people die and 17 are injured when 19-year-old Julian Knight goes on a shooting rampage in Melbourne.
- August 16 - A McDonnell Douglas MD-82 carrying Northwest Airlines flight 255 crashes on takeoff from Detroit Metropolitan Airport killing all but one of the 156 people on-board (sole survivor was four-year old Cecelia Cichan). The crew forgot to properly set the plane's flaps
- August 17 - The Harmonic Convergence is observed.
- August 17 - Rudolf Hess is found hanging in his cell in Spandau Prison
- August 19 - Order of the Garter opened to women
- August 19 - Hungerford Massacre: In the United Kingdom, Michael Robert Ryan kills 16 with an assault rifle and then commits suicide
- September 2 - In Moscow, the trial of 19-year-old pilot Mathias Rust, who flew his Cessna airplane into Red Square in May 1987, begins.
- September 7-September 21 - World's first conference on artificial life, Los Alamos National Laboratory

October

October
- Wednesday-Friday, October 14-October 16 - The US is caught up in a drama that unfolds on television as a young child, Jessica McClure, falls down a well and is later rescued.
- October 15- 16 - Great Storm of 1987: hurricane force winds hit much of the South of England killing 23 people.
- October 19 - Black Monday: stock market falls sharply around the world.
- October 22 - John Coolidge Adams's opera Nixon in China debuts at the Houston Grand Opera in Houston, Texas.
- October 23 - Champion English jockey Lester Piggott is jailed for 3 years after being convicted of tax evasion.
- October 23 - On a vote of 58-42, the United States Senate rejects President Ronald Reagan's nomination of Robert Bork to the U.S. Supreme Court.
November-December

- November 8 - Eleven people killed by an PIRA bomb at a Remembrance Day service at Enniskillen.
- November 18 - King's Cross fire on the London Underground kills 31.
- December 1 - NASA announces the names of four companies who were awarded contracts to help build Space Station Freedom: Boeing Aerospace, General Electric's Astro-Space Division, McDonnell Douglas, and the Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell.
- December 1 - Channel Tunnel digging commences.
- December 1 - Queensland: Following a week of turmoil from his National Party of Australia colleagues, Joh Bjelke-Petersen resigns as Premier of Queensland. He is replaced by Mike Ahern, the only premier never to contest an election as premier.
- December 7 - Delaware celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- December 7 - PSA Flight 1771 crashes near Paso Robles, California, killing all 43 on board, after a disgruntled passenger shoots his ex-boss on the flight, then shoots both pilots and himself.
- December 8 - First Intifada begins.
- December 8 - Queen Street Massacre in Melbourne, Australia. 22-year-old Frank Vitkovic kills 8 and injures another 5 in an Australia Post office building in Queen Street before committing suicide by jumping from the 11th floor.
- December 8 - The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty is signed in Washington, D.C. by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
- December 12 - Pennsylvania celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- December 13 - Graz I was born.
- December 17 - Czechoslovakian leader Gustáv Husák resigns as General Secretary of the Communist Party.
- December 18 - New Jersey celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- December 18 - Square Co., Ltd. releases Final Fantasy in Japan for the Famicom.
- December 21 - The ferry Doña Paz collides with the oil tanker Vector I - 1,500 confirmed deaths (reportedly closer to 4,000 due to unregistered passengers).
- December 24 - Japanese legendary rock band BOØWY declare their breakup at Shibuya Kokaido.
- December 29 - Prozac® makes its debut in the United States.
Environmental change

- Varroa destructor, an invasive parasite is found in the U.S.
Unknown dates

- Pendolino train in Italy
- Shoko Asahara founds Aum Shinrikyo
- Barry Minkow's ZZZZ Best fraud unravels
Births

- February 2 - Martin Spanjers, American actor
- April 10 - Hayley Westenra, New Zealand soprano
- April 11 - Joss Stone, English musician
- April 19 - Courtland Mead, American actor
- April 19 - Maria Sharapova, Russian tennis player
- May 2 - Nana Kitade, Japanese singer
- May 6 - Moon Geun Young, Korean actress
- May 15 - Andrew Murray, Scottish tennis player
- May 21 - Ashlie Brillault, American actress
- June 3 - Lalaine, American actress
- June 3 - Masami Nagasawa, Japanese actress
- June 16 - Diana DeGarmo, American singer
- July 20 - Nicolas Dansereau, Canadian professional wrestler
- July 25 - Michael Welch, American actor
- August 7 - Sidney Crosby, Canadian hockey player
- August 25 - Blake Lively, American actress
- September 7 - Evan Rachel Wood, American actress and singer
- September 19 - Danielle Panabaker, American actress
- September 22 - Tom Felton, English actor
- September 28 - Hilary Duff, American actress and singer
- December 2 - Teairra Mari, American singer
- December 4 - Orlando Brown, American singer and comedian
- December 7 - Aaron Carter, American singer
- December 18 - Miki Ando, Japanese figure skater
Deaths

- January 15 - Ray Bolger, American actor, singer, and dancer (b. 1904)
- January 21 - Charles Goodell, American politician (b. 1926)
- January 27 - Allan V. Cox, American geologist (b. 1926)
- February 2 - Alistair MacLean, British writer (heart attack) (b. 1922)
- February 4 - Liberace, American pianist (b. 1919)
- February 14 - Dmitri Borisovich Kabalevsky, Russian composer (b. 1904)
- February 22 - Andy Warhol, American artist, director, writer (b. 1928)
- March 2 - Randolph Scott, American actor (b. 1898)
- March 3 - Danny Kaye, American singer, actor, and comedian (b. 1918)
- March 11 - Woody Hayes, Football coach at Ohio State (b. 1913)
- March 19 - Louis-Victor de Broglie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)
- March 21 - Dean Paul Martin, American actor (b. 1951)
- March 21 - Robert Preston, American actor (b. 1918)
- March 26 - Eugen Jochum, German conductor (b. 1902)
- March 28 - Maria von Trapp, Austrian singer (b. 1905)
- March 28 - Patrick Troughton, British actor (b. 1920)
- April 2 - Buddy Rich, American jazz drummer (b. 1917)
- April 3 - Tom Sestak, American football player (b. 1936)
- April 4 - C. L. Moore, American writer (b. 1911)
- April 28 - Ben Linder, American engineer (murdered) (b. 1959)
- May 3 - Dalida, French singer (b. 1933)
- May 4 - Paul Butterfield, American musician (b. 1942)
- May 6 - William J. Casey, American Central Intelligence Agency director (b. 1913)
- May 14 - Rita Hayworth, American actress (b. 1918)
- May 17 - Gunnar Myrdal, Swedish economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1898)
- May 19 - James Tiptree, Jr, American author (b. 1915)
- May 27 - John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891)
- June 2 - Andres Segovia, Spanish guitarist (b. 1893)
- June 6 - Fulton Mackay, Scottish actor (b. 1922)
- June 10 - Elizabeth Hartman, American actress (suicide) (b. 1943)
- June 22 - Fred Astaire, American actor and dancer (b. 1899)
- July 10 - John Hammond, American record producer (b. 1910)
- August 17 - Rudolf Hess, Hitler's second-in-command (b. 1894)
- August 26 - Georg Wittig, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
- September 4 - Bill Bowes, English cricketer (b. 1908)
- September 11 - Lorne Greene, Canadian actor (b. 1915)
- September 11 - Peter Tosh, Jamaican singer and musician (b. 1944)
- September 21 - Jaco Pastorius, American bassist (b. 1951)
- September 23 - Bob Fosse, American theater choreographer and director (b. 1927)
- October 2 - Peter Medawar, Brazilian-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1915)
- October 3 - Jean Anouilh, French dramatist (b. 1910)
- October 3 - Kalervo Palsa, Finnish artist (b. 1947)
- October 9 - William Parry Murphy, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1892)
- October 13 - Walter Brattain, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
- October 19 - Jacqueline du Pré, English cellist (b. 1945)
- October 20 - Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov, Russian mathematician (b. 1903)
- October 28 - André Masson, French artist (b. 1896)
- October 29 - Woody Herman, American jazz musician (b. 1913)
- October 31 - Joseph Campbell, American author on mythology (b. 1904)
- December 2 - Luis Federico Leloir, French-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
- December 2 - Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, Russian physicist (b. 1914)
- December 10 - Jascha Heifetz, Lithuanian-born violinist (b. 1901)
Fiction
On November 7, Events in the Doctor Who episode Father's Day take place. The animated internet cartoon series Homestar Runner frequently references 1987 as if the name of a year in the close past yet preceding 1999 is needed.
Nobel Prizes

- Physics - J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alexander Müller
- Chemistry Donald J Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen
- Medicine - Susumu Tonegawa
- Literature - Joseph Brodsky
- Peace- Oscar Arias Sanchez
Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel

- Robert Solow
Templeton Prize

- Rev. Professor Stanley L. Jaki
Right Livelihood Award

- Johan Galtung, Chipko movement, Hans-Peter Dürr / Global Challenges Network, Institute for Food and Development Policy / Frances Moore-Lappé and Mordechai Vanunu
- als:1987 ko:1987년 ms:1987 ja:1987年 simple:1987 th:พ.ศ. 2530

Daniel Akaka

Daniel Kahikina Akaka (born September 11, 1924) is a U.S. Senator from Hawaii and a member of the Democratic Party. He is the first U.S. Senator of Native Hawaiian ancestry and is the only Chinese American member of the Senate (and one of two Senators with Japanese ancestry, the other being fellow Hawaii Senator Daniel Inouye). Akaka was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. During World War II he served in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, including service on Saipan and Tinian. He earned a Bachelor of Education (1952) and Master of Education (1966) from the University of Hawaii. He was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1976 to represent Hawaii's Second Congressional District. He won seven consecutive elections by wide margins. Akaka was appointed to the Senate in April 1990 to serve temporarily in place of the late Senator Spark Matsunaga, and sworn into office on May 16, 1990. In November of the same year, he was elected to complete the remaining four years of Matsunaga's unexpired term. He was re-elected in 1994 for a full six-year term, and, with over 70 percent of the popular vote, again in 2000. 2000 As of 2002-2003, he serves on the Select Committee on Ethics, and the following Senate committees:
- Armed Services,
- Energy and Natural Resources,
- Governmental Affairs (GAC),
- Veterans' Affairs,
- Indian Affairs. He is married to Mary Mildred "Millie" Chong; they have 5 children, 14 grandchildren, and one great grandson.

External link

- [http://akaka.senate.gov/ U.S. Senate homepage] Akaka, Daniel Akaka, Daniel Akaka, Daniel Akaka, Daniel Akaka, Daniel Akaka, Daniel Akaka, Daniel

1977

:For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). 1977 (MCMLXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1977 calendar).

Events

January-February

March-April

May-June

July-August

September

October-December

Unknown dates

Births

January-March

April-June

July-November

December

Deaths

January-March

April-August

September-December

Nobel Prizes

Templeton Prize

- Chiara Lubich Category:1977 als:1977 ko:1977년 ja:1977年 simple:1977 th:พ.ศ. 2520

Hawaii

Hawaii (Hawaiian/Hawaiian English: Hawaii, with the okina; also, historically, the Sandwich Islands) is the archipelago of the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Admitted on August 21, 1959, Hawaii constitutes the 50th state of the United States and is situated 2500 miles from the mainland. It is the southernmost part of that country. As of the 2000 U.S. Census it had a population of 1,211,537 people. Honolulu is the largest city and the state capital. Hawaiis the most recently admitted state of the United States. In addition to possessing the southernmost point in the United States, it is the only state that lies completely in the tropics. As one of two states outside the contiguous United States (the other being Alaska), it is the only state without territory on the mainland of any continent and it is the only state that continues to grow due to active lava flows, most notably from Kīlauea. Ethnically, Hawaii is the only state that has a majority group that is non-white (and one of only four in which non-Hispanic whites do not form a majority) and has the largest percentage of Asian Americans. For various reasons, Hawaii is considered the endangered species capital of the United States.

Symbols

The state constitution and various other measures of the Hawaii State Legislature established official symbols meant to embody the distinctive culture and heritage of Hawaii. These include a state bird, state fish, state flower, state gem, state mammal, state tree and the state muffin, though only a few other states share this symbol, like Washington. Included are the two statues representing Hawaii in the United States Capitol. The primary symbol is the state flag, Ka Hae Hawaii, influenced by the British Union Flag and features eight horizontal stripes representing the eight major Hawaiian Islands. The constitution declares the state motto to be Ua Mau ke Ea o ka Āina i ka Pono, a pronouncement of King Kamehameha III meaning, "The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness." It was also the motto of the kingdom, republic and territory. The official languages are Hawaiian and Hawaiian English. Hawaiian Pidgin is an unofficial language. The state song is Hawaii ponoi, written by King Kalākaua and composed by Henri Berger. Hawaii Aloha is the unofficial state song, often sung in official state event. Image:Nene.neck.arp.600pix.jpg|Hawaiian Goose
Nēnē
State Bird Image:Humuhumunukunukuapuaa.jpg|Reef Triggerfish
Humuhumunukunukuāpua'a
State Fish Image:Maohauhele.jpg|Hawaiian Hibiscus
Mao hau hele
State Flower Image:Aleuritesmoluccana1web.jpg|Candlenut
Kukui
State Tree Image:Humpback Whale underwater shot.jpg|Humpback Whale
Koholā kuapio
State Mammal Image:Fatherdamienstatue2.jpg|Father Damien Statue
State Capitol Image:Kamehamehastatue.jpg|Kamehameha Statue
Aliiolani Hale - State Supreme Court

Geography

Main article: Hawaiian Islands Nineteen islands and atolls extending across a distance of 2,400 km (1,500 mi) comprise the Hawaiian Archipelago. The main islands are the eight high islands at the southeastern end of the island chain. These islands are, in order from the northwest to southeast, Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lānai, Kahoolawe, Maui and the Island of Hawaii. All of the Hawaiian Islands were formed by volcanoes arising from the sea floor through a vent described in geological theory as a hotspot. The theory maintains that as the tectonic plate beneath much the Pacific Ocean moves in a northwesterly direction, the hot spot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. This explains why only volcanoes on the southern half of the Island of Hawaii are presently active. The last volcanic eruption outside the Island of Hawaii happened at Haleakalā on Maui in the late 18th century. The newest volcano to form is Lōihi, deep below the waters off the south coast of the Island of Hawaii. The isolation of the Hawaiian Islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, and the wide range of environments to be found on high islands located in and near the tropics, has resulted in a vast array of endemic flora and fauna. The volcanic activity and subsequent erosion created impressive geological features. Those conditions make Mount Waialeale the wettest place on earth; it averages 11.7 m (460 in) of rain annually. The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from the Island of Hawaii to Maui and subsequently to Oahu explains why certain population centers exist where they do today. The largest city, Honolulu, was the one chosen by King Kamehameha III as the capital of his kingdom due to the natural harbor there, the present-day Honolulu Harbor. Other large cities and towns include Hilo, Kahului and Līhue. Image:Niihausatellite.jpg|Niihau Image:Kauai from space oriented.jpg|Kauai Image:Oahu.jpg|Oahu Image:Maui.jpg|Maui Image:Molokaifromsatellite.jpg|Molokai Image:Lanaisatellite.jpg|Lānai Image:Kahoolawesatellite.jpg|Kahoolawe Image:STS61A-50-57.jpg|Hawaii

Climate

The Climate of Hawaii is typical of tropical areas. It is famous for being warm throughout the whole year; during the summer, the temperature may reach to around 90 degrees Farenheit. Though people who live in Hawaii often complain about the heat, tourists generally enjoy the warm weather, as many of them come from locations of colder climates. Thus, Hawaii has become a popular tourist destination in the wintertime, when the Hawaiian weather would be above 70 degrees Farenheit. Hawaii is also popular with tourists in the summer because it does not suffer from the same heat waves that occur in the continental North America -- Hawaii has tradewinds which keep excess heat away. The main portions of Oahu can be divided into Windward and Leeward sections, divided by a mountain range. The Windward side enjoys more rain. However the Leeward side's drier climate has benefitted toward the plantation industries.

History

Hawaiian antiquity

Main article: Ancient Hawaii, Hawaiian mythology, Polynesian mythology Anthropologists believe that Polynesians from the Marquesas and Society Islands first populated the Hawaiian Islands in approximately 300AD, followed by Tahitian settlers in approximately 1300AD who conquered and eliminated the original inhabitants of the islands. These Tahitian conquerors preserved memories of their migrations orally through genealogies and folk tales, like the stories of Hawaiiloa and Paao. Relations with other Polynesian groups were sporadic during the early migratory periods, and Hawaii grew from small settlements to a complex society in near isolation. Voyaging between Hawai'i and the South Pacific apparently ceased with no explanation several centuries before European arrival. Local chiefs called alii ruled their settlements and fought to extend their sway and defend their communities from predatory rivals. Warfare was endemic. The general trend was towards chiefdoms of increasing size, even encompassing whole islands. Vague reports by various European explorers suggest that Hawaii was visited by foreigners well before the 1778 arrival of British explorer Captain James Cook. Historians credited Cook with the discovery after he was the first to plot and publish the geographical coordinates of the Hawaiian Islands. Cook named his discovery the Sandwich Islands in honor of one of his sponsors, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich.

Hawaiian kingdom

Main article: Kingdom of Hawaii After a series of battles that ended in 1795 and peaceful cession of the island of Kauai in 1810, the Hawaiian Islands were united for the first time under a single ruler who would become known as King Kamehameha the Great. He established the House of Kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled over the kingdom until 1872. One of the most important events during those years was the suppression of the Hawaii Catholic Church. That led to the Edict of Toleration that established religious freedom in the Hawaiian Islands. The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha V who did not name an heir resulted in the election of King Lunalilo. After him, governance was passed on to the House of Kalākaua. However, local businessmen effectively rendered the monarchy powerless by enacting the Bayonet Constitution. Among other things, it stripped the king of his administrative authorities, eliminated voting rights for all Asians, and required specific income and property requirements for all other European and native Hawaiian voters, essentially limiting the electorate to elite native Hawaiians and Europeans. King Kalākaua reigned until his death in 1891. His sister, Liliuokalani, succeeded him to the throne and ruled until her dethronement in 1893, a coup d'état orchestrated by local businessmen and government officials with the help of an armed militia The Honolulu Rifles, instigated by the Queen's threat to abrogate the constitution. Governance was again passed, this time into the hands of a provisional government and then to an independent Republic of Hawaii. During the kingdom era and subsequent republican regime, Iolani Palace — the only official royal residence in the United States today — served as the capitol buildings. Image:Kamehamehaportrait.jpg|Kamehameha Image:Kamehamehaii.jpg|Kamehameha II Image:Kamehamehaiii.jpg|Kamehameha III Image:Alexanderliholiho.jpg|Kamehameha IV Image:Kamehamehav.jpg|Kamehameha V Image:Williamcharleslunalilo.jpg|Lunalilo Image:Kalakauapainting.jpg|Kalākaua Image:Liliuokalani2.jpg|Liliuokalani

Hawaiian territory

Main article: Territory of Hawaii The Newlands Resolution was passed on July 7, 1898, formally annexing Hawaii as a United States territory. In 1900, it was granted self-governance and retained Iolani Palace as the territorial capitol building. Though several attempts were made to achieve statehood, Hawaii remained a territory for sixty years. Plantation owners, like those that comprised the so-called Big Five, found territorial status convenient, enabling them to continue importing cheap foreign labor; such immigration was prohibited in various other states of the Union. The power of the plantation owners was finally broken by activist descendants of original immigrant laborers. Because they were born in a United States territory, they were legal U.S. citizens. Expecting to gain full voting rights, they actively campaigned for statehood for the Hawaiian Islands. In March 1959, both houses of Congress passed the Admission Act and U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed it into law. (The act excluded Palmyra Atoll, part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaii, from the new state.) On June 27 of that year, a plebiscite was held asking Hawaiians to vote on accepting the statehood bill. Hawaii voted 17 to 1 to accept. On August 21, church bells throughout Honolulu were rung upon the proclamation that Hawaii was finally the 50th state of the Union.

Hawaiian statehood

After statehood, Hawaii quickly became a modern state with a construction boom and rapidly growing economy. The Hawaii Republican Party, which was strongly supported by the plantation owners, was voted out of office. In its place, the Democratic Party of Hawaii dominated state politics for forty years. The state also worked toward restoring the native Hawaiian culture. The Hawaii State Constitutional Convention of 1978 heralded what some called a Hawaiian renaissance. Its delegates created programs that sought to revive the indigenous Hawaiian language and culture. In addition, they sought to promote native control over Hawaiian issues by creating the Office of Hawaiian Affairs.

Languages

Main articles: Hawaiian language, Hawaiian English The state of Hawaii has two official languages as prescribed by the Constitution of Hawaii adopted at the 1978 constitutional convention: Hawaiian and English. Article XV, Section 4 requires the use of Hawaiian in official state business such as public acts, documents, laws and transactions. Standard Hawaiian English, a subset of American English, is also commonly used for other formal business. Hawaiian is legally acceptable in all legal documents, from depositions to legislative bills. The third and fourth most spoken languages are Tagalog and Japanese, respectively.

Origins

Before the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language was purely a spoken language. The first written form of Hawaiian was developed by American Protestant missionaries in Hawaii during the early 19th century. The missionaries assigned letters from the English alphabet that roughly corresponded to the Hawaiian sounds. Later, additional characters were added to clarify pronunciation. The okina indicates a glottal stop while the macron called kahakō signifies a long vowel sound. When a Hawaiian word is spelled without any necessary okina and kahakō, it is impossible for someone who does not already know the word to guess at the proper pronunciation. Omission of the okina and kahakō in printed texts can even obscure the meaning of the word. For example, the word lanai means stiff-necked. However, when spelled as lānai it means veranda while Lānai refers to an island. This can be a problem in interpreting 19th century Hawaiian texts recorded in the older orthography. For these reasons, careful writers use the modern Hawaiian orthography.

Revival

As a result of the constitutional provision, interest in the Hawaiian language was revived in the late 20th century. Public and independent schools throughout the state began teaching Hawaiian language standards as part of the regular curricula, beginning with preschool. With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, also created by the 1978 constitutional convention, specially designated Hawaiian language immersion schools were established where students would be taught in all subjects using Hawaiian. Also, the University of Hawaii System developed the only Hawaiian language graduate studies program in the world. Municipal codes were altered in favor of Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments.

Pidgin

Over the course of Hawaiian history, a third language was developed that is in common use throughout the state today. Originally considered a mere dialect of Hawaiian English, cultural anthropologists have recently reached consensus that Hawaiian Pidgin is a distinct language on its own. Hawaiian Pidgin finds its origins in the sugarcane and pineapple plantations as laborers from different cultures were forced to find their own ways of communicating and understanding each other. Laborer emigrants from different countries — China, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Portugal — began composing their own words and phrases based on their own language traditions, which merged with Hawaiian and Hawaiian English.

Debates

A somewhat divisive political issue that has arisen since the Constitution of Hawaii adopted Hawaiian as an official state language is the exact spelling of the state's name. As prescribed in the Admission Act of 1959 that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal government recognizes Hawaii to be the official state name. However, many state and municipal entities and officials have recognized Hawaii to be the correct state name. Official government publications, as well as department and office titles, use the traditional Hawaiian spelling. Private entities, including local mass media, also have shown a preference for the use of the okina. While in local Hawaiian society the spelling and pronunciation of Hawaii is preferred in nearly all cases, even by standard English speakers, the federal spelling is used for purposes of interpolitical relations between other states and foreign governments. The nuances in the Hawaiian language debate are often not obvious or well-appreciated outside Hawaii. The issue has often been a source of friction in situations where correct naming conventions are mandated, as people frequently disagree over which spelling is correct or incorrect, and where it is correctly or incorrectly applied.

Government

The state government of Hawaii is modeled after the federal government with adaptations originating from the kingdom era of Hawaiian history. As codified in the Constitution of Hawaii, there are three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. The executive branch is led by the Governor of Hawaii and assisted by the Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii, both elected on the same ticket. The governor, in residence at Washington Place, is the only public official elected for the state government in a statewide race; all other administrators and judges are appointed by the governor. The lieutenant governor is concurrently the Secretary of State of Hawaii. Both the governor and lieutenant governor administer their duties from the Hawaii State Capitol. The governor and lieutenant governor oversee the major agencies and departments of the executive of which there are twenty. The legislative branch consists of the Hawaii State Legislature — the twenty-five members of the Hawaii State Senate led by the President of the Senate and the fifty-one members of the Hawaii State House of Representatives led by the Speaker of the House. They also govern from the Hawaii State Capitol. The judicial branch is led by the highest state court, the Hawaii State Supreme Court, which uses Aliiolani Hale as its chambers. Lower courts are organized as the Hawaii State Judiciary. The state is represented in the Congress of the United States by a delegation of four members. They are the senior and junior United States Senators, the representative of the First Congressional District of Hawaii and the representative of the Second Congressional District of Hawaii. Many Hawaii residents have been appointed to administer other agencies and departments of the federal government by the President of the United States. All federal officers of Hawaii administer their duties locally from the Prince Kuhio Federal Building near the Aloha Tower and Honolulu Harbor. Hawaii is primarily dominated by the Democratic Party and has supported Democrats in 10 of the 12 presidential elections in which it has participated. In 2004, John Kerry won the state's 4 electoral votes by a margin of 9 percentage points with 54% of the vote. Every county in the state supported the Democratic candidate. The Prince Kuhio Federal Building also houses agencies of the federal government such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Internal Revenue Service and the United States Secret Service. The building is the site of the federal courts and the offices of the United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii, principal law enforcement officer of the United States Department of Justice in the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii. Image:Lindalingle.jpg|Linda Lingle
Governor
(Republican) Image:Jamesaiona.jpg|James R. Aiona, Jr.
Lieutenant Governor
(Republican) Image:Bunda.jpg|Robert Bunda
Senate President
(Democrat) Image:Daniel Inouye.jpg|Daniel Inouye
U.S. Senator
(Democrat) Image:Daniel Akaka.jpg|Daniel Akaka
U.S. Senator
(Democrat) Image:Neilabercrombie.jpg|Neil Abercrombie
U.S. Representative
(Democrat) Image:Edcaseofficial.jpg|Edward Case
U.S. Representative
(Democrat) Image:Mayorharrykim.jpg|Harry Kim
Mayor of Hawaii
(Nonpartisan) Image:Mufihannemann.jpg|Mufi Hannemann
Mayor of Honolulu
(Nonpartisan) Image:Bryanjbaptiste.jpg|Bryan J. Baptiste
Mayor of Kauai
(Nonpartisan) Image:Mayoralanarakawa.jpg|Alan Arakawa
Mayor of Maui
(Nonpartisan) Unique to Hawaii is the way it has organized its municipal governments. There are no incorporated cities in Hawaii except the City & County of Honolulu. All other municipal governments are administered at the county level. The county executives are the Mayor of Hawaii, Mayor of Honolulu, Mayor of Kauai and Mayor of Maui. All mayors in the state are elected in nonpartisan races. The officers of the federal and state governments have been historically elected from the Democratic Party of Hawaii and the Hawaii Republican Party. Municipal charters in the state have declared all mayors to be elected in nonpartisan races.

Economy

The history of Hawaii can be traced through a succession of dominating industries: sandalwood, whaling, sugarcane, pineapple, military, tourism, and education. Since statehood was achieved in 1959, tourism continues to be the largest industry in Hawaii, contributing 24.3% of the Gross State Product (GSP) in 1997. Most recently, new efforts were created to diversify the economy. The total gross output for the state in 2003 was USD $47 billion. Per capita income for Hawaii residents was USD $30,441. Industrial exports from Hawaii include food processing and apparel. However, because of the considerable shipping distance to markets on the west coast of the United States and ports of Japan, these industries play a small role in the Hawaii economy. The main agricultural exports are nursery stock and flowers, coffee, macadamia nuts, pineapple, livestock, and sugar cane. Agricultural sales for 2002, according to the Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service, were USD $370.9 million from diversified agriculture, USD $100.6 million from pineapple, and USD $64.3 million from sugarcane. Hawaii is known for its relatively high per capita state tax burden. In the years 2002 and 2003, Hawaii residents had the highest state tax per capita at USD $2,757 and USD $2,838 respectively. This rate can be explained partly by the fact that services such as education, health care and social services are all rendered at the state level — as opposed to the municipal level as all other states. Also, millions of tourists contribute to the collection figure by paying the general excise tax and hotel room tax. Therefore, not all the taxes collected come directly from residents. However, business leaders have often considered the state's tax burden as being too high, contributing to both higher prices and the perception of an unfriendly business climate [http://starbulletin.com/2004/05/21/news/story1.html]. For more information about commercial industries in Hawaii, see the list of businesses in Hawaii.

Education

Main article: Hawaii State Department of Education Hawaii is currently the only state in the union with a unified school system statewide. It is also the oldest public education system west of the Mississippi River. Policy decisions are made by the fourteen-member state Board of Education, with thirteen members elected for four-year terms and one non-voting student member. The Board of Education sets statewide educational policy and hires the state superintendent of schools, who oversees the operations of the state Department of Education. The Department of Education is also divided into seven districts, four on Oahu and one for each of the other counties. The structure of the state Department of Education has been a subject of discussion and controversy in recent years. The main rationale for the current centralized model is equity in school funding and distribution of resources: leveling out inequalities that would exist between highly populated Oahu and the more rural Neighbor Islands, and between lower-income and more affluent areas of the state. This system of school funding differs from many localities in the United States where schools are funded from local property taxes. However, policy initiatives have been made in recent years toward decentralization. Current Governor Linda Lingle is a proponent of replacing the current statewide board with seven elected district boards. The Democrat-controlled state legislature opposed her proposal, instead favoring expansion of decision-making power to the schools and giving schools more discretion over budgeting. Political debate of structural reform is likely to continue for the foreseeable future.

Schools and academies

Hawaii has the distinction of educating more students in independent institutions of secondary education than any other state in the United States. It also has four of the largest independent schools: Mid-Pacific Institute, Iolani School, Kamehameha Schools and Punahou School. Other popular independent schools include: Hawaii Baptist Academy, Hawaii Preparatory Academy, Maryknoll School, St. Andrew's Priory, and Saint Louis School. A highly rated public high school often cited as comparable to the state's independent schools is Moanalua High School. It should be noted that independent and charter schools can select their students, while the regular public schools must take all students in their district. For a comprehensive list of independent schools, see the list of independent schools in Hawaii. For a comprehensive list of public schools, see the list of public schools in Hawaii.

Colleges and universities

Graduates of institutions of secondary learning in Hawaii often either enter directly into the workforce or attend colleges and universities. While many choose to attend colleges and universities on the mainland or elsewhere, most choose to attend one of many institutions of higher learning in Hawaii. The largest of these institutions is the University of Hawaii System. Its main campuses are in Hilo, Manoa and West Oahu. Students choosing private education attend Brigham Young University Hawaii, Chaminade University of Honolulu, Hawaii Pacific University and University of the Nations. The Saint Stephen Diocesan Center is a seminary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu. For a comprehensive list of colleges and universities, see the list of colleges and universities in Hawaii.

Problems

Public schools in Hawaii have to deal with large populations of children of non-native English speaking immigrants and a culture that is different in many ways from mainland US, where most of the course materials come from and where most of the standards for schools are set. The public elementary, middle, and high school scores in Hawaii tend to be below average on national tests as mandated under the No Child Left Behind Act. Some of this can be attributed to the Hawaii State Board of Education requiring all eligible students to take these tests and reporting all student test scores unlike, for example, Texas and Michigan. Results reported in August 2005 indicate that two-thirds of Hawaii's schools failed to reach federal minimum performance standards in math and reading (of 282 schools across the state, 185 failed [http://www.thehawaiichannel.com/education/4870699/detail.html]). On the other hand, results of the ACT college placement tests show that Hawaii class of 2005 seniors scored slightly above the national average (21.9 compared with 20.9) (Honolulu Advertiser, Aug. 17, 2005, p. B1). It should be noted that fewer students take the ACT examination than take the more widely accepted SAT examination. On the SAT Hawaii's college bound seniors tend to score below the national average except in math. Hawaii, like all other states in the United States, is struggling to provide educational services in its public schools with shrinking budgets.

Media

Newspapers

Two major competing Honolulu-based newspapers serve all of Hawaii. The Honolulu Advertiser is owned by Gannett Pacific Corporation while the Honolulu Star-Bulletin is owned by Black Press of British Columbia in Canada. Both are two of the largest newspapers in the United States, in terms of circulation. Other locally published newspapers are available to residents of the various islands. The Hawaii business community is served by the Pacific Business News and Hawaii Business Magazine. The largest religious community in Hawaii is served by the Hawaii Catholic Herald. Honolulu Magazine is a popular magazine that offers local interest news and feature articles. Apart from the mainstream press, the state also enjoys a vibrant ethnic publication presence with newspapers for the Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean and Native Hawaiian communities. In addition, there is an alternative weekly, the Honolulu Weekly.

Television

All the major television networks are represented in Hawaii through KFVE (WB network affiliate), KGMB (CBS network affiliate), KHET (PBS network affiliate), KHNL (NBC network affiliate), KHON (Fox network affiliate), KIKU (UPN network affiliate) and KITV (ABC network affiliate), among others. From Honolulu, programming at these stations is rebroadcast to the various other islands via networks of satellite transmitters. Until the advent of satellite, most network programming was broadcast a week behind mainland scheduling. The various production companies that work with the major networks have produced television series and other projects in Hawaii. Most notable were police dramas like Magnum P.I. and Hawaii Five-O. Currently, the hit TV show Lost is filmed in the Hawaiian Islands. A comprehensive list of such projects can be seen at the list of Hawaii television series.

Film

Hawaii a growing film industry administered by the state through the Hawaii Film Office. Several television shows, movies and various other media projects were produced in the Hawaiian Islands taking advantage of the natural scenic landscapes as backdrops. Notable films produced in Hawaii or were inspired by Hawaii include Hawaii, Blue Hawaii, From Here to Eternity, South Pacific, Raiders Of The Lost Ark, Jurassic Park, Outbreak, Waterworld, Six Days Seven Nights, George of the Jungle, 50 First Dates, Pearl Harbor, Blue Crush and Lilo & Stitch. Hawaii is home to a prominent film festival known as the Hawaii International Film Festival.

Culture

:Main article: Culture of Hawaii The aboriginal culture of Hawaii is Polynesian. Hawaii represents the northernmost extension of the vast Polynesian triangle of the south and central Pacific Ocean. While traditional Hawaiian culture remains only as vestiges influencing modern Hawaiian society, there are reenactments of ancient ceremonies and traditions throughout the islands. Some of these cultural influences are strong enough to have impacted the culture of the United States at large, including the popularity (in greatly modified form) of luaus and hula.
- Customs and etiquette in Hawaii
- Folklore in Hawaii
- Hawaiian mythology
- List of Hawaii state parks
- List of Hawaii State Landmarks
- List of Hawaii-related topics
- Literature in Hawaii
- Music of Hawaii
- Polynesian mythology
- Tourism of Hawaii

Demographics

As of 2004, the population of Hawaii was 1,262,840. The population of Hawaii is approximately 1.2 million, while the de facto population is over 1.3 million due to military presence and tourists. Oahu is the most populous island, with a population of just under one million. Hawaii was the first majority-minority state in the United States since the early twentieth century. According to the 2000 Census, 6.6% of Hawaii's population identified themselves as Native Hawaiian, 24.3% were White or Caucasian, including Portuguese and 41.6% were Asian, including 0.1% Asian Indian, 4.7% Chinese, 14.1% Filipino, 16.7% Japanese, 1.9% Korean and 0.6% Vietnamese. 1.3% were other Pacific Islander which includes Samoan, Tongan, Tahitian, Maori and Micronesian, and 21.4% described themselves as mixed (two or more races/ethnic groups). 1.8% were Black or African American and 0.3% were Native American and Alaska Native. The second group of foreigners to arrive upon Hawaii's shores, after the Europeans, were the Chinese. Chinese employees serving on Western trading ships disembarked and settled starting in 1789. In 1820 the first American missionaries arrived in Hawaii to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians what the missionaries considered "civilized" ways. A large proportion of Hawaii's population has become a people of Asian ancestry (especially Chinese, Japanese and Filipino), many of whom are descendants from those waves of early foreign immigrants brought to the islands in the nineteenth century, beginning in the 1850's, to work on the sugar plantations. The first Japanese arrived in Hawaii on February 9, 1885. The largest city is the capital, Honolulu, located along the southeast coast of the island of Oahu. Other populous cities include Hilo, Kāneohe, Kailua, Pearl City, Kahului, and Kailua-Kona. As of 2000, 73.4% of Hawaii residents age 5 and older speak English at home and 7.9% speak Pacific Island languages. Tagalog is the third most spoken language at 5.4%, followed by Japanese at 5.0% and Chinese at 2.6%.
- Religion
- Christian = 68%
- Protestant = 42%
- Congregational/United Church of Christ= 3%
- Baptist = 2%
- Methodist = 2%
- Catholic = 24%
- Mormon = 2%
- Agnostic/non-religious = 18%
- Buddhist = 9%
- Other(e.g. Shinto, Tao, pagan) = 5%
- See also: Richest Places in Hawaii

Famous people from Hawaii

The list of famous people from Hawaii is a comprehensive, alphabetized list of persons who have achieved fame that presently or at one time claimed Hawaii as their home. Separate registers of members of the Hawaiian royal family and Hawaii politicians are also available. Image:Fatherdamien.jpg|Father Damien
Beatified towards sainthood by Pope John Paul II Image:Mothermariannecope.jpg|Mother Marianne Cope
Beatified towards sainthood by Pope Benedict XVI Image:Fong.jpg|Hiram Fong
First Chinese American and Asian American elected United States Senator Image:Dukesurfer.jpg|Duke Kahanamoku
Inventor of modern surfing and 1912, 1920 and 1924 Olympics champion Image:Georgeariyoshi.jpg|George R. Ariyoshi
First Japanese American and Asian American elected governor in the United States Image:Ericshinseki.jpg|Eric Shinseki
First Japanese American and Asian American member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Image:Ben cayetano adresses legislature.jpg|Ben Cayetano
First Filipino American and second Asian american elected governor in the United States

External links

-
- [http://www.state.hi.us Official state homepage]
- [http://www.gohawaii.com Hawaii Visitors & Convention Bureau]
- [http://www.hawaiianswers.com HawaiiAnswers.com] - a FAQ repository for Hawaii
- [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=15304 Satellite image of Hawaiian Islands] at NASA's Earth Observatory
- [http://www.google.com/maps?ll=20.731201,-157.675781&spn=5.218506,8.107910&t=k&hl=en Google maps]
- [http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/lacroix.hawaii.history Economic History of Hawaii]
Category:States of the United States zh-min-nan:Hawai‘i ja:ハワイ州 ko:하와이 주 simple:Hawaii th:มลรัฐฮาวาย

Democratic Party (United States)

History

Beginnings

Antebellum

Civil War and Reconstruction

Populism and Republican dominance

The New Deal

Civil Rights Movement

1970s

1980s

1990s

21st century

Factions

Centrists

Progressives

Labor

Liberals

Conservatives

Notable groups

Issues

Symbols

Assault Weapons Ban On January 19, 1870, a political cartoon by Thomas Nast appearing in Harper's Weekly titled "A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion" for the first time symbolized the Democratic Party as a donkey. Since then, the donkey has been widely used as a symbol of the Party. The DNC's official logo, pictured above, depicts a stylized kicking donkey. In the media, Democrats (and states which consistently vote Democratic) have relatively recently been depicted as blue, while Republicans, and the states in which they dominate, as red. In the early 20th century, the traditional symbol of the Democratic Party in Midwestern states such as Indiana, Kentucky, Oklahoma and Ohio was the rooster, as opposed to the Republican eagle. This symbol still appears on Kentucky and Indiana ballots. For the majority of the 20th Century, Missouri Democrats used the Statue of Liberty as their ballot emblem. This meant that when Libertarian candidates received ballot access in Missouri in 1976, they could not use the Statue of Liberty, their national symbol, as the ballot emblem. Missouri Libertarians instead used the Liberty Bell until 1995, when the mule became Missouri's state animal. From 1995 to 2004, there was some confusion among voters, as the Democratic ticket was marked with the Statue of Liberty, and it seemed that the Libertarians were using a donkey. The Democratic Party draws on its history of politicians (Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Bill Clinton), programs (Social Security, minimum wage, Medicare) and goals (expanded health insurance, greater incomes for average U.S. citizens, progressive taxation, and an internationalist pl:Carl Albert Carl Bert Albert (May 10, 1908 - February 4, 2000) was a lawyer and American politician from Oklahoma. He is most well-known for his service as Speaker of the House from 1971 to 1977. Known as the "Little Giant from Little Dixie," he held the highest political office of any Oklahoman in history. (see also: Little Dixie) He represented the southeastern portion of Oklahoma as a Democrat for thirty years, starting in 1947. He was a Cold War liberal, supporting President Harry S. Truman's containment of Soviet expansionism, as well as such domestic measures as public housing, federal aid to education, and farm price supports. He also played an important role in health care. When Medicare, the payment of the elderly’s hospital expenses under Social Security, was a White House bill of President Kennedy, he knew the bill was not going to be enacted due to ten Republicans and eight southern Democrats’ opposition. Thus, he advised Kennedy that he would have to get it from the Senate. His calculation was that if Medicare were attached to a Senate welfare bill, they could bring it to the House as a conference-committee report on their own welfare bill. However, his effort was not successful that time. In the Johnson administration, as a Democratic party whip, he advised the president that decision-making process should change so that majority Democrats would change the decisions of Congress. The change included Democrats’ more leverage over the Rules Committee and their prevalent membership in the Ways and Means Committee. With the maneuver dictated by the altered memberships of the Ways and Means Committee, they could win success on Medicare. As the results, the compulsory payroll tax of Social Security financed the elderly’s hospital costs, voluntary supplementary coverage would cover the participants’ doctor bills. As Speaker of the House, Albert was next in line to assume the presidency following the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew. As the Watergate crisis began to unfold, many believed that President Richard Nixon would resign before Congress could appoint a replacement, which would have made Albert his successor. Albert was confronted with the question of whether it was appropriate for a Democrat to assume the nation's highest office when there was a public mandate for it to be held by the opposing party. Albert considered that he had no right to a White House that the American people had entrusted to a Republican. He thus announced that should he need to assume the presidency, he would do so only in an acting capacity, and would resign immediately after Congress appointed a Republican Vice President. Albert never was confronted with the issue of succession. However, during his last term in office, he was confronted with the Tongsun Park scandal and was accused of having accepted bribes from a lobbyist who was also a member of South Korean intelligence. Albert decided to retire at the end of the Congress.

Early history

He was born Carl Bert Albert in McAlester, Oklahoma, the son of a coal miner and farmer. At high school he excelled in debate and was student body president. He entered the University of Oklahoma in 1927, where he majored in political science and won the National Oratorical Championship in 1928. While at Oklahoma, he was an accomplished amateur wrestler. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1931, then studied at the University of Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship. He returned to the U.S. and in 1935 practiced law in Oklahoma City. Albert joined the Army Air Force in 1941, winning a Bronze Star.

Other Information

Carl Albert State College is a small educational insitution in Le Flore County. It is named for Albert. Albert, Carl Albert, Carl Albert, Carl Albert, Carl Albert, Carl Albert, Carl Albert, Carl Albert, Carl

Diafragma (strzelectwo)

Diafragma - przyrząd służący do pokazania prawidłowego ustawienia muszki w stosunku do szczerbiny celownika bezpośrednio na przyrządach celowniczych broni strzeleckiej oraz prawidłowego zgrania równej muszki z punktem celowania. Kategoria:Broń strzelecka

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